Patient characteristics |
Age, decades | 1.01 | 0.92 | 1.11 | 0.784 |
|
Sex (reference category: female) |
Male | 1.09 | 0.83 | 1.43 | 0.529 |
|
Comorbidities (reference category: no comorbidities) |
At least one comorbidity | 1.08 | 0.79 | 1.48 | 0.614 |
|
Days waited before consulting for this illness (reference category: ≤7 days) |
8–14 days | 1.30 | 0.89 | 1.91 | 0.172 |
15–21 days | 1.12 | 0.64 | 1.95 | 0.694 |
22–28 days | 1.15 | 0.33 | 3.95 | 0.827 |
>28 days | 2.92 | 1.04 | 8.20 | 0.042 |
|
Patient illness information, clinician-rated symptom severity at consultationb | 1.03 | 0.93 | 1.14 | 0.566 |
|
Clinician's working diagnosis (reference category: LRTI) |
Asthma/COPD related | 0.73 | 0.44 | 1.19 | 0.207 |
URTI | 1.17 | 0.85 | 1.59 | 0.334 |
Non-specific RTI | 1.48 | 0.88 | 2.49 | 0.137 |
Viral/other non-specific illness | 1.36 | 0.83 | 2.21 | 0.217 |
Pneumonia | 1.24 | 0.66 | 2.35 | 0.499 |
|
Clinician-level characteristic, prescribing rateb | 1.02 | 0.94 | 1.10 | 0.538 |
|
Clinicians’ perception that the patient wanted antibiotics (reference category: clinician does not agree) |
Clinician agrees | 0.95 | 0.72 | 1.24 | 0.707 |
|
Patient behaviour (reference category: did not want antibiotics) |
Wanted antibiotics | 0.82 | 0.62 | 1.09 | 0.177 |
|
Class of antibiotic prescribed (reference category: amoxicillin) |
Azithromycin | 1.51 | 0.65 | 3.51 | 0.342 |
Cephalosporins | 1.10 | 0.57 | 2.15 | 0.773 |
Clarithromycin | 1.60 | 0.91 | 2.83 | 0.104 |
Co-amoxiclav | 1.80 | 1.11 | 2.92 | 0.017 |
Doxycycline | 0.72 | 0.38 | 1.39 | 0.333 |
Erythromycin | 1.22 | 0.35 | 4.23 | 0.753 |
Other | 1.99 | 0.85 | 4.63 | 0.112 |
Phenoxymethylpenicillins | 0.87 | 0.35 | 2.17 | 0.773 |
Quinolones | 2.76 | 1.29 | 5.91 | 0.009 |
Spiramycin | 2.42 | 1.02 | 5.77 | 0.046 |
|
Frequency of antibiotic dose (reference category: once a day) |
Twice a day | 0.84 | 0.53 | 1.31 | 0.438 |
3 times a day | 0.92 | 0.51 | 1.68 | 0.791 |
≥4 times a day | 1.12 | 0.44 | 2.83 | 0.816 |
|
Duration of antibiotic course (reference category: ≤5 days) |
6 or 7 days | 0.57 | 0.39 | 0.86 | 0.007 |
8 or 9 days | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.38 | <0.001 |
≥10 days | 0.28 | 0.16 | 0.48 | <0.001 |
|
Primary care network (reference category: Antwerp) |
Balatonfured | 2.09 | 0.79 | 5.54 | 0.140 |
Barcelona | 1.01 | 0.29 | 3.54 | 1.000 |
Bratislava | 0.34 | 0.12 | 0.92 | 0.035 |
Cardiff | 0.66 | 0.25 | 1.76 | 0.405 |
Helsinki | 6.96 | 2.02 | 24.02 | 0.002 |
Jönköping | 5.34 | 1.77 | 16.14 | 0.003 |
Lodz | 1.43 | 0.53 | 3.84 | 0.476 |
Matar | 0.53 | 0.18 | 1.55 | 0.246 |
Milan | 0.56 | 0.20 | 1.58 | 0.273 |
Rotenburg | 0.92 | 0.33 | 2.59 | 0.877 |
Southampton | 0.77 | 0.25 | 2.32 | 0.637 |
Tromsø | 3.02 | 0.97 | 9.40 | 0.057 |
Utrecht | 2.56 | 0.89 | 7.34 | 0.081 |