@article {Taylore94, author = {Clare J Taylor and Andrea K Roalfe and Rachel Iles and FD Richard Hobbs and The REFER investigators and P Barton and J Deeks and D McCahon and MR Cowie and G Sutton and RC Davis and J Mant and T McDonagh and L Tait}, title = {Primary care REFerral for EchocaRdiogram (REFER) in heart failure: a diagnostic accuracy study}, volume = {67}, number = {655}, pages = {e94--e102}, year = {2017}, doi = {10.3399/bjgp16X688393}, publisher = {Royal College of General Practitioners}, abstract = {Background Symptoms of breathlessness, fatigue, and ankle swelling are common in general practice but deciding which patients are likely to have heart failure is challenging.Aim To evaluate the performance of a clinical decision rule (CDR), with or without N-Terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) assay, for identifying heart failure.Design and setting Prospective, observational, diagnostic validation study of patients aged \>55 years, presenting with shortness of breath, lethargy, or ankle oedema, from 28 general practices in England.Method The outcome was test performance of the CDR and natriuretic peptide test in determining a diagnosis of heart failure. The reference standard was an expert consensus panel of three cardiologists.Results Three hundred and four participants were recruited, with 104 (34.2\%; 95\% confidence interval [CI] = 28.9 to 39.8) having a confirmed diagnosis of heart failure. The CDR+NT-proBNP had a sensitivity of 90.4\% (95\% CI = 83.0 to 95.3) and specificity 45.5\% (95\% CI = 38.5 to 52.7). NT-proBNP level alone with a cut-off \<400 pg/ml had sensitivity 76.9\% (95\% CI = 67.6 to 84.6) and specificity 91.5\% (95\% CI = 86.7 to 95.0). At the lower cut-off of NT-proBNP \<125 pg/ml, sensitivity was 94.2\% (95\% CI = 87.9 to 97.9) and specificity 49.0\% (95\% CI = 41.9 to 56.1).Conclusion At the low threshold of NT-proBNP \<125 pg/ml, natriuretic peptide testing alone was better than a validated CDR+NT-proBNP in determining which patients presenting with symptoms went on to have a diagnosis of heart failure. The higher NT-proBNP threshold of 400 pg/ml may mean more than one in five patients with heart failure are not appropriately referred. Guideline natriuretic peptide thresholds may need to be revised.}, issn = {0960-1643}, URL = {https://bjgp.org/content/67/655/e94}, eprint = {https://bjgp.org/content/67/655/e94.full.pdf}, journal = {British Journal of General Practice} }