Setting | Study type | Participants; age; sex | Inclusion | Exclusion | Outcome measure | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barlow et al, 200711 | Hospitalised inpatients | Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data (before and after study) | n = 503; median 74 years (range 16–98 years); male n = 197 | Receiving antibiotics for a suspected lower respiratory tract infection +new infiltrate on chest radiograph, or clinically diagnosed as CAP by specialist registrar or consultant doctor | One or more of:
| 30-day mortality |
Bauer et al, 200612 | CAPNETZ centres, inpatients, outpatients | Consecutive prospective cohort | n = 2184: 1646 inpatients, 538 outpatients; mean 62.5 years (range 18–99 years); male n = 1245 | New pulmonary infiltrate on chest radiograph + one of:
| Acquisition pneumonia after hospital admission; severe immunosuppression; expected terminal event of severe chronic comorbidity; alternative diagnosis | 30-day mortality |
Bont et al, 20088 | Primary care, outpatients | Prospective consecutive cohort | n = 314; mean 77.3 years; male n = 145 | One or more features of:
| One or more of:
| 30-day mortality |
Buising et al, 200713 | Emergency department | Prospective consecutive cohort | n = 722; median 73 years (range 18–98 years); male n = 411 | New respiratory symptom + chest X-ray infiltrate | One or more of:
| Death +/− requirement for ventilatory support |
Capelastegui et al, 200614 | Emergency department, substratified, inpatients, outpatients | Retrospective application of a prospective consecutive cohort | n = 1776; mean 61.8 years (standard deviation [SD] 20.5 years); male n = 1124 | Pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiograph + symptoms consistent with pneumonia:
| One or more of:
| 30-day mortality |
Chalmers et al, 200815 | Hospitalised inpatients | Prospective observational cohort | n = 1007; mean 66 years (range 50–78 years); male n = 500 | New infiltrate on chest radiograph >3 or more of:
| One or more of:
| 30-day mortality |
Ewig et al, 200922 | CAP performance programme, German BQS | Consecutive retrospective cohort | n = 388 406 | Age ≥18 years; ICD-10-GM-codes for pneumonia |
| In-hospital mortality |
Kruger et al, 200816 | CAPNETZ centres, inpatients, outpatients | Consecutive prospective cohort | n = 1404: 545 outpatients, 1001 inpatients; mean 61 years (range 18–98 year); male n = 772 | Age >18 years, new pulmonary infiltrate on chest radiograph + one of:
| One or more of:
| 28-day mortality |
Man et al, 200717 | Hospitalised inpatients admitted through emergency department | Consecutive prospective cohort | n = 1404; mean 72 years (range 17–103 years); male n = 583 | Acute infection pulmonary parenchyma + symptoms of acute infection + acute infiltrate on chest radiograph |
| 30-day mortality |
Menendez et al, 200918 | Hospitalised patients in two tertiary care centres | Consecutive prospective cohort | n = 453; mean 67 years (SD 17.1 years); male n = 282 | New radiographic infiltrate; at least two days of compatible symptoms |
| 30-day mortality |
Myint et al, 200623 | Hospitalised inpatients | Retrospective analysis of two prospective observational cohorts | n = 192; median 77 years (range 17–96 years); male n = 111 | Clinical features of pneumonia + new chest radiograph shadow; 2nd cohort age ≥65 years |
| 6-week mortality |
Schaaf et al, 200719 | Hospitalised inpatients | Consecutive prospective cohort | n= 105; mean 64.9 years (range 24–96 years); male n = 60 | Isolation of S. pneumoniae or positive urinary antigen test + one or more of:
|
| 40-day mortality |
Schuetz et al, 200820 | Emergency department | Pooled data of two randomised controlled studies | n = 372; median 73 years (interquartile range 59–82 years); male n = 244 | Presence of a new infiltrate on chest radiograph + one of:
| Lower respiratory infections other than CAP:
| 30-day mortality |
Zuberi and Khan, 200821 | Hospitalised inpatients | Longitudinal cohort | n = 137; mean 60.4 years (range 16–95 years); male n = 74 | Age ≥16 years + required admission for management of CAP |
| 30-day mortality |
BQS = Bundesgeschäftsstelle Qualitatssicherung gGmbH. CAP = community-acquired pneumonia.