Table 1

Descriptive statistics of dependent and independent variables used in analyses^a

Variable	Data source	Practices with data, n	Mean	SD	Median	IQR
Dependent
Adjusted total payments per patient (all contracts) (datasheet included practices with payments for both years)	HSCIC¹⁹^,²⁰	7693			£102.64	£92.27–118.05
					£105.79	£96.35–121.38

Global sum plus MPIG payments per patient (GMS contracts)	HSCIC¹⁹^,²⁰	4451			£67.53	£63.77–72.02
Global sum plus MPIG payments per patient (GMS contracts)		4451			£74.67	£70.48–79.48

Adjusted total payments per patient (GMS contracts only)	HSCIC¹⁹^,²⁰	4451			£98.14	£89.25–113.59
Adjusted total payments per patient (GMS contracts only)		4451			£102.61	£93.69–116.01

Population
IMD 2010 score (used for 2013–2014)^b	Public Health England.²¹ Individual practices’ scores were calculated by the Office for National Statistics, using patients’ postcodes	7575			21.64	13.60–31.83
IMD 2015 score (used for 2014–2015)^b		7584			21.74	13.88–31.51

Percentage of practice register aged ≥75 years	Public Health England²¹	7585	7.61	3.12
Percentage of practice register aged ≥75 years		7584	7.66	3.17

Percentage African Caribbean	General Practice Patient	7513			0.86	0.00–3.85
Percentage African Caribbean	Survey reports (weighted) for both years²²	7430			0.84	0.00–3.99

Percentage South Asian	General Practice Patient Survey²²	7485			2.20	0.00–7.80
Percentage South Asian		7513			1.39	0.00–5.58

Percentage of smokers	General Practice Patient Survey²²	7678	17.79	6.84
Percentage of smokers		7668	17.01	6.87

Percentage with self-reported long-term condition	General Practice Patient Survey²²	7689	53.96	7.77
Percentage with self-reported long-term condition		7684	54.01	8.00

Percentage self-reported confident about managing own health	General Practice Patient Survey²²	7689			92.91	89.85–95.21
		7684			93.02	89.81–95.39

Percentage self-reported unemployed	General Practice Patient Survey²²	7675			4.9	2.28–8.95
Percentage self-reported unemployed		7667			4.3	1.86–8.01

Percentage self-reported on long-term sick or disability register	General Practice Patient Survey²²	7639			4.02	2.22–6.47
		7628			3.88	2.12–6.37

Percentage on practice diabetes register	HSCIC–QOF annual reports²³^,²⁴	7573	6.47	1.85
Percentage on practice diabetes register		7586	6.65	1.91

Percentage on practice CHD register^c	HSCIC–QOF annual reports²³^,²⁴	7573	3.32	1.14
Percentage on practice CHD register^c		7585	3.27	1.13

Percentage on practice CVA register^c	HSCIC–QOF annual reports²³^,²⁴	7573	1.69	0.64
Percentage on practice CVA register^c		7585	1.70	0.65

Percentage on practice heart failure register	HSCIC–QOF annual reports²³^,²⁴	7573			0.68	0.49–0.89
Percentage on practice heart failure register		7581			0.69	0.50–0.90

Percentage on practice asthma register	HSCIC–QOF annual reports²³^,²⁴	7573	5.89	1.29
Percentage on practice asthma register		7587	5.95	1.32

Percentage on practice COPD register	HSCIC–QOF annual reports²³^,²⁴	7573			1.72	1.20–2.33
Percentage on practice COPD register		7581			1.75	1.23–2.39

Practice
Number of registered patients	HSCIC¹⁹^,²⁰	7693			6342	3819–9687
Number of registered patients		7693			6441	3891–9776

WTE GPs per 10 000 patients — 2014 only (calculated by dividing WTE number in practices by number of registered patients, then multiplying by 10 000)	NHS workforce statistics²⁵	7649			5.99	4.73–7.43

WTE nurses per 10 000 patients — 2014 only (calculated as above)	NHS workforce statistics²⁵	7125			2.42	1.78–3.17

WTE staff per 10 000 patients — 2014 only (calculated as above)	NHS workforce statistics²⁵	7125			15.24	12.80–18.15

Contract type – GMS^d	HSCIC¹⁹^,²⁰	4405
Contract type – PMS^d	HSCIC¹⁹^,²⁰	3085
Contract type – APMS^d	HSCIC¹⁹^,²⁰	203

Geographical subregion – north^{^d,^e}	HSCIC¹⁹^,²⁰	2310
Geographical subregion – Midlands^{^d,^e}	HSCIC¹⁹^,²⁰	2254
Geographical subregion – south^{^d,^e}	HSCIC¹⁹^,²⁰	3129

Performance
Total QOF points achieved^f	HSCIC–QOF annual reports²³^,²⁴	7573			866.67	828.28–887.15
900 points maximum in 2013–2014		7586			542.83	523.41–553.44
559 points maximum in 2014–2015

Percentage on practice hypertension register	HSCIC–QOF annual reports²³^,²⁴	7573	13.96	3.58
Percentage on practice hypertension register		7587	14.02	3.59

Percentage of hypertension register with last blood pressure reading ≤150/90 mmHg	HSCIC–QOF annual reports²³^,²⁴	7676			80.50	75.68–84.28
		7587			81.06	77.35–84.37

Percentage of diabetes register with last HbA1c ≤7.5% (59 mmol/mol)	HSCIC–QOF annual reports²³^,²⁴	7676			61.84	56.72–66.45
		7586			70.41	63.64–76.41

Percentage unable to obtain appointment	General Practice Patient Survey²²	7683			9.53	5.71–4.11
Percentage unable to obtain appointment		7672			9.53	5.66–14.70

Percentage able to see a GP or nurse within 48 hours	General Practice Patient Survey²²	7583	51.01	14.95
Percentage able to see a GP or nurse within 48 hours		7584	48.68	14.93

Percentage having a preferred GP	General Practice Patient Survey²²	7688	53.32	12.89
Percentage having a preferred GP		7683	50.47	13.16

Percentage reporting good appointment ‘experience’	General Practice Patient Survey²²	7583	76.33	12.83
Percentage reporting good appointment ‘experience’		7584	75.01	13.47

↵a In each cell, values in the first line are for 2013–2014 and in the second line for 2014–2015. For the continuous variables, if the distribution was skewed (not normal) on visual inspection of the histogram, then the median and interquartile range are presented rather than the mean and standard deviation.
↵b Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) is the official measure of relative deprivation for small areas. IMD ranks each small area (called Lower-layer Super Output Areas [LSOA] of which there are 32 844 with an average of 1500 residents each) in England. IMD combines information from seven domains: income deprivation; employment deprivation; education, skills, and training deprivation; health deprivation and disability; crime; barriers to housing and services; and living environment deprivation.
↵c Dropped from the final model.
↵d As these variables are nominal, only numbers of practices are provided.
↵e There are 13 geographical subregions in England, which were collapsed into three larger regional identities: north, Midlands, and south. North included four subregions: Cheshire and Merseyside, Cumbria and north east, Lancashire and Greater Manchester, and Yorkshire and Humber. Midlands included four subregions: central Midlands, east Midlands, west Midlands, and north Midlands. South included five subregions: London, Wessex, south central, south east, and south west.
↵f As part of the 2014–2015 GMS contract changes, a total of 40 QOF indicators were retired, ‘releasing’ 341 points. The resource from these points was transferred to the global sum and to ES, including a new ES aimed at avoiding unplanned admissions and delivering proactive case management for vulnerable people. APMS = Alternative Provider Medical Services. CHD = coronary heart disease. COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CVA = cerebrovascular accident. ES = Enhanced Services. GMS = General Medical Services. HSCIC = Health and Social Care Information Centre. IQR = interquartile range. MPIG = minimum practice income guarantee. PMS = Personal Medical Services. QOF = Quality and Outcomes Framework. SD = standard deviation. WTE = whole-time equivalent.