Objective abnormalities found on ECG and echo in participants with and without heart failure
| Abnormalitya | Heart failure N (%) | No heart failure N (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Moderate to severe LVSD — ejection fraction ≤ 40% | 3 (2.9) | 0 (0) |
| Borderline LVSD — ejection fraction 41–50% | 9 (8.7) | 1 (0.5) |
| Diastolic dysfunction | 15 (14.4) | 6 (3.0) |
| Significant valve disease | 47 (45.2) | 17 (8.5) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 33 (31.7) | 0 (0) |
| All | 104 | 200 |
↵a Some participants had >1 abnormality. ECG = electrocardiogram. LVSD = left ventricular systolic dysfunction.