Descriptive statistics of dependent and independent variables used in analysesa
| Variable | Data source | Practices with data, n | Mean | SD | Median | IQR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent | ||||||
| Adjusted total payments per patient (all contracts) (datasheet included practices with payments for both years) | HSCIC19,20 | 7693 | £102.64 £105.79 | £92.27–118.05 £96.35–121.38 | ||
| Global sum plus MPIG payments per patient (GMS contracts) | HSCIC19,20 | 4451 4451 | £67.53 £74.67 | £63.77–72.02 £70.48–79.48 | ||
| Adjusted total payments per patient (GMS contracts only) | HSCIC19,20 | 4451 4451 | £98.14 £102.61 | £89.25–113.59 £93.69–116.01 | ||
| Population | ||||||
| IMD 2010 score (used for 2013–2014)b IMD 2015 score (used for 2014–2015)b | Public Health England.21 Individual practices’ scores were calculated by the Office for National Statistics, using patients’ postcodes | 7575 7584 | 21.64 21.74 | 13.60–31.83 13.88–31.51 | ||
| Percentage of practice register aged ≥75 years | Public Health England21 | 7585 7584 | 7.61 7.66 | 3.12 3.17 | ||
| Percentage African Caribbean | General Practice Patient Survey reports (weighted) for both years22 | 7513 7430 | 0.86 0.84 | 0.00–3.85 0.00–3.99 | ||
| Percentage South Asian | General Practice Patient Survey22 | 7485 7513 | 2.20 1.39 | 0.00–7.80 0.00–5.58 | ||
| Percentage of smokers | General Practice Patient Survey22 | 7678 7668 | 17.79 17.01 | 6.84 6.87 | ||
| Percentage with self-reported long-term condition | General Practice Patient Survey22 | 7689 7684 | 53.96 54.01 | 7.77 8.00 | ||
| Percentage self-reported confident about managing own health | General Practice Patient Survey22 | 7689 7684 | 92.91 93.02 | 89.85–95.21 89.81–95.39 | ||
| Percentage self-reported unemployed | General Practice Patient Survey22 | 7675 7667 | 4.9 4.3 | 2.28–8.95 1.86–8.01 | ||
| Percentage self-reported on long-term sick or disability register | General Practice Patient Survey22 | 7639 7628 | 4.02 3.88 | 2.22–6.47 2.12–6.37 | ||
| Percentage on practice diabetes register | HSCIC–QOF annual reports23,24 | 7573 7586 | 6.47 6.65 | 1.85 1.91 | ||
| Percentage on practice CHD registerc | HSCIC–QOF annual reports23,24 | 7573 7585 | 3.32 3.27 | 1.14 1.13 | ||
| Percentage on practice CVA registerc | HSCIC–QOF annual reports23,24 | 7573 7585 | 1.69 1.70 | 0.64 0.65 | ||
| Percentage on practice heart failure register | HSCIC–QOF annual reports23,24 | 7573 7581 | 0.68 0.69 | 0.49–0.89 0.50–0.90 | ||
| Percentage on practice asthma register | HSCIC–QOF annual reports23,24 | 7573 7587 | 5.89 5.95 | 1.29 1.32 | ||
| Percentage on practice COPD register | HSCIC–QOF annual reports23,24 | 7573 7581 | 1.72 1.75 | 1.20–2.33 1.23–2.39 | ||
| Practice | ||||||
| Number of registered patients | HSCIC19,20 | 7693 7693 | 6342 6441 | 3819–9687 3891–9776 | ||
| WTE GPs per 10 000 patients — 2014 only (calculated by dividing WTE number in practices by number of registered patients, then multiplying by 10 000) | NHS workforce statistics25 | 7649 | 5.99 | 4.73–7.43 | ||
| WTE nurses per 10 000 patients — 2014 only (calculated as above) | NHS workforce statistics25 | 7125 | 2.42 | 1.78–3.17 | ||
| WTE staff per 10 000 patients — 2014 only (calculated as above) | NHS workforce statistics25 | 7125 | 15.24 | 12.80–18.15 | ||
| Contract type – GMSd | HSCIC19,20 | 4405 | ||||
| Contract type – PMSd | HSCIC19,20 | 3085 | ||||
| Contract type – APMSd | HSCIC19,20 | 203 | ||||
| Geographical subregion – northd,e | HSCIC19,20 | 2310 | ||||
| Geographical subregion – Midlandsd,e | HSCIC19,20 | 2254 | ||||
| Geographical subregion – southd,e | HSCIC19,20 | 3129 | ||||
| Performance | ||||||
| Total QOF points achievedf | HSCIC–QOF annual reports23,24 | 7573 | 866.67 | 828.28–887.15 | ||
| 900 points maximum in 2013–2014 | 7586 | 542.83 | 523.41–553.44 | |||
| 559 points maximum in 2014–2015 | ||||||
| Percentage on practice hypertension register | HSCIC–QOF annual reports23,24 | 7573 7587 | 13.96 14.02 | 3.58 3.59 | ||
| Percentage of hypertension register with last blood pressure reading ≤150/90 mmHg | HSCIC–QOF annual reports23,24 | 7676 7587 | 80.50 81.06 | 75.68–84.28 77.35–84.37 | ||
| Percentage of diabetes register with last HbA1c ≤7.5% (59 mmol/mol) | HSCIC–QOF annual reports23,24 | 7676 7586 | 61.84 70.41 | 56.72–66.45 63.64–76.41 | ||
| Percentage unable to obtain appointment | General Practice Patient Survey22 | 7683 7672 | 9.53 9.53 | 5.71–4.11 5.66–14.70 | ||
| Percentage able to see a GP or nurse within 48 hours | General Practice Patient Survey22 | 7583 7584 | 51.01 48.68 | 14.95 14.93 | ||
| Percentage having a preferred GP | General Practice Patient Survey22 | 7688 7683 | 53.32 50.47 | 12.89 13.16 | ||
| Percentage reporting good appointment ‘experience’ | General Practice Patient Survey22 | 7583 7584 | 76.33 75.01 | 12.83 13.47 | ||
↵a In each cell, values in the first line are for 2013–2014 and in the second line for 2014–2015. For the continuous variables, if the distribution was skewed (not normal) on visual inspection of the histogram, then the median and interquartile range are presented rather than the mean and standard deviation.
↵b Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) is the official measure of relative deprivation for small areas. IMD ranks each small area (called Lower-layer Super Output Areas [LSOA] of which there are 32 844 with an average of 1500 residents each) in England. IMD combines information from seven domains: income deprivation; employment deprivation; education, skills, and training deprivation; health deprivation and disability; crime; barriers to housing and services; and living environment deprivation.
↵c Dropped from the final model.
↵d As these variables are nominal, only numbers of practices are provided.
↵e There are 13 geographical subregions in England, which were collapsed into three larger regional identities: north, Midlands, and south. North included four subregions: Cheshire and Merseyside, Cumbria and north east, Lancashire and Greater Manchester, and Yorkshire and Humber. Midlands included four subregions: central Midlands, east Midlands, west Midlands, and north Midlands. South included five subregions: London, Wessex, south central, south east, and south west.
↵f As part of the 2014–2015 GMS contract changes, a total of 40 QOF indicators were retired, ‘releasing’ 341 points. The resource from these points was transferred to the global sum and to ES, including a new ES aimed at avoiding unplanned admissions and delivering proactive case management for vulnerable people. APMS = Alternative Provider Medical Services. CHD = coronary heart disease. COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CVA = cerebrovascular accident. ES = Enhanced Services. GMS = General Medical Services. HSCIC = Health and Social Care Information Centre. IQR = interquartile range. MPIG = minimum practice income guarantee. PMS = Personal Medical Services. QOF = Quality and Outcomes Framework. SD = standard deviation. WTE = whole-time equivalent.