Professional and patient perspectives of NICE guidelines to abandon maternal monitoring of fetal movements

Ian Hill-Smith

Abstract

Over the past 30 years, fetal movement counts have been recommended to women in the second half of pregnancy as a way of monitoring fetal wellbeing and providing an early warning of fetal distress. However, guidance from the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommends abandoning this. Evidence is reviewed to show that the chance of preventing physical damage to the fetus is indeed low. The activity of monitoring movements has been favoured by the majority of women. The new NICE guidance is useful to clarify professional understanding of the limitation of counting fetal movements, but women who notice decreased movements will still need referral for human factors.

Introduction

IN October 2003 the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) and the National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health published a guideline for the National Health Service (NHS) in England and Wales on the routine care of healthy pregnant women.1 In the press release, Andrea Sutcliffe, an executive director at NICE said:

‘This guideline is based on the best available evidence and has been developed following a collaborative and consultative approach involving health professionals and service users. In addition, the information for the public will support health professionals in providing consistent, quality information for women.’2

The guideline itself is indeed an authoritative document, spanning 304 pages and including 631 references. With such an in-depth consideration of the evidence, which has become the hallmark of NICE, and the collaboration with expert bodies — including the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, the Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, the Association for Genito-Urinary Medicine, Medical Society for the Study of Venereal Diseases, and the Royal College of Midwives — surely the guidance will be accepted and implemented across the NHS. In particular, the community midwives and general practitioners (GPs) who carry out most of the antenatal care for pregnant women would be happy to accept such guidance without further ado, but however well researched guidelines are, they are not always implemented.3

At the time of publication, there was a curious local dilemma for my practice that highlighted the much larger issue of why such guidance will inevitably be implemented only partially, with some recommendations not implemented at all. The significance of decreased fetal movements is accepted by only one of our two local hospitals. One advocates ‘kick charts’, the other has no need for them. So how should midwives and GPs respond to a woman who presents having noticed a reduction in fetal movements? Arranging immediate transfer to the maternity unit for cardiotocography would be normal for one hospital and not for the other, but clearly the decision should rest on the clinical assessment of the patients, that is, mother and fetus, and not on where the delivery is planned to take place. The new guidance from NICE makes a clear recommendation based on the strongest category of evidence (Box 1).

Box 1. Routine monitoring of fetal movements.1

There is often no obvious cause of late fetal death of normally formed singleton births. Many of these deaths are unpredictable and occur in women who are healthy and who have had otherwise uncomplicated pregnancies.

Maternal recognition of decreased fetal movement has long been used during antenatal care in an attempt to identify the jeopardised fetus and intervene to prevent death. Given the low prevalence of fetal compromise and an estimated specificity of 90% to 95%, the positive predictive value of the maternal perception of reduced fetal movements for fetal compromise is low, 2% to 7%.4

One RCT (randomised controlled trial) was found that assessed the ability of the ‘count to 10’ method to reduce the prevalence of antenatal fetal death.5 [Evidence level 1b] The method records on a chart the time interval each day required to feel 10 fetal movements. This cluster RCT randomised 68 000 women to either routine formal fetal-movement counting or to standard care. It found that there was no decrease in perinatal mortality in the test group and this policy would have to be used by about 1250 women to prevent one unexplained death.

Following a reduction in fetal movements women should be advised to contact their midwife or hospital for further assessment.

The evidence does not support the routine use of formal fetal movement counting to prevent late fetal death.

Recommendation

Routine formal fetal-movement counting should not be offered. [A]

Given this recommendation, health professionals and pregnant women should abandon any formal monitoring of fetal movements as a screening process, but the issue is less black and white than it first seems. The question faced by all professionals in antenatal care is when to accept that fetal movements have been reduced for long enough to warrant intervention. No-one has suggested that reduced fetal movements over 1 hour gives any concern, but all would agree that no movements felt at all over several days would be a serious symptom. Abandoning routine fetal-movement counting will not stop women noticing when their baby seems unusually quiet; those in the front line, then, need to know when a reduction in movements really matters, and what to do about it.

HOW THIS FITS IN

What do we know?

It is known that a reduction in fetal movements is associated with serious intrauterine and postpartum problems, but asking women to count movements in the second half of pregnancy is unlikely to prevent physical harm to the fetus.

What does this paper add?

Reported psychological benefits of fetal-movement counts include supporting the pregnant woman's mental health and bonding to the unborn child. Women who notice decreased movements over 12 hours should still be referred to hospital.

Method

Searches were done using the medical subject headings (MeSH) term ‘fetal movements’ in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, as well as manually searching local medical libraries for information in standard textbooks and protocols. The latest review found was by Christensen and Rayburn from 1999.6 There is no review specifically on maternal fetal monitoring in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, but there is one relevant review about the usefulness of cardiotocography.7

The main criterion used for selecting which papers to quote here was that each paper should contribute experimental evidence, weighing the balance of benefits against the risks of asking mothers to monitor fetal movements. Although studies that used robust design features, such as randomisation and control groups, were more persuasive than those that did not, it was important not to limit the search only to those that made use of such methods because the downside to monitoring fetal movements might only be found by qualitative studies, which need to take a different approach. Weaknesses in a study that has been included in this review are referred to in the text.

Discussion

How effective is the monitoring of fetal movements in preventing fetal complications?

For many years pregnant women have been advised to note fetal movements in the third trimester as part of routine antenatal care.8 It was first recommended in 1973 as a non-specific early warning sign of fetal distress.9 Since then, reduced fetal movements have been linked to both intrauterine and postpartum pathology.10^,11

Estimates of the proportion of ultrasound detected fetal movements noticed by the mother are around 80%.12^,13 One study also showed that a decrease in fetal activity preceded changes in fetal cardiac rhythm by 12–96 hours.12 In this study, the positive predictive value of counting fetal movements by the mother in the detection of fetal distress was estimated to be 64–78%.

In 1987, Valentin and Marsal asked 1914 women to count fetal movements throughout the third trimester of pregnancy.14 Of these, 158 consulted the delivery ward staff about decreased activity. Babies with congenital malformations (P = 0.001) and small-for-gestational age babies (P = 0.040) were significantly more common among consulters than non-consulters. Although the study authors concluded that ‘women who report decreased fetal movements constitute a risk group and should be carefully monitored,’ their data gave no support to suggest that had such monitoring been done, there would have been any fewer fetal abnormalities.

In 1991, Whitty et al demonstrated that initial assessment of women reporting decreased activity using a nonstress test and ultrasound examination was sufficient to detect all cases where further intervention was required.15 Of 292 women who reported decreased activity, five had already had an intrauterine death, 13 were brought to immediate delivery and 17 had abnormal fetal heart rate tracings that necessitated follow-up.

A more recent study in 199816 showed no difference in outcome between normal pregnancies and those where fetal movements had been reduced. Over a 20-month period, 435 patients were seen in the fetal assessment unit of an inner-London teaching hospital. The risks of a low 5-minute Apgar score, admission to the special care baby unit, preterm delivery, or caesarean section for fetal compromise was no higher in mothers who had reported reduced fetal movements than in those who had not.

Even where there is a complete cessation of movements, the outcome is not necessarily bad. Biale and Mazor described five such cases in 1985,17 all of which resulted in the birth of normal infants.

The paper by Grant et al,5 cited by NICE in their guideline, estimated that formal counting of fetal movements by 1250 women prevents, at best, one unexplained antepartum late fetal death and may be just as likely to cause an adverse event.

The range of results from these studies is not surprising given that recording fetal movements is a subjective measurement and one that is affected by confounding factors. In 1979, Wood et al studied 137 women who monitored fetal movements.18 The group was not typical of the general population, but were being specially monitored as 113 had obstetric complications. Low fetal movement counts were associated with maternal cigarette smoking and prolongation of pregnancy. High counts were associated with maternal ingestion of sed-atives or tranquillisers, abnormal fetal heart rate in labour and a true knot in the umbilical cord. The absence of fetal movement during four consecutive 20-minute counting sessions was not associated with poor fetal outcome. Maternal anxiety does not seem to affect fetal movements.19

When does a reduction in fetal movements become significant?

Kick charts are a standard way for fetal movement rates to be recorded.20^,21 Less than 10 movements in 12 hours as an indication for further investigation is based on a protocol called the Cardiff method.5 It is not the only method — others include those outlined by Kindt et al,22 and Lehman and Estok,23 — but the advantage of simplicity and convenience with socially acceptable hours, which makes it the most popular with mothers.24 No distinction is made between complete cessation of movements and a reduction in frequency. This is the method used in many studies.25^-28

Shortening the time at which a reduction is considered important will increase the sensitivity of the monitoring at the expense of its specificity. One study in 198929 showed a considerable decrease in perinatal mortality associated with a monitoring programme that set the time limit before medical advice should be sought to only 2 hours. The logistics of responding to such a short time limit are difficult but not impossible. The real issue is whether decreasing the specificity, giving rise to more false alarms and unnecessary anxiety, is worth the gains. During the study period, the number of antepartum tests performed increased by 13%, and interventions for fetal compromise prompted by inadequate fetal activity tripled.

Is there an effective response to reduced fetal movements?

Cardiotocography would normally be included in an assessment of a woman referred to a maternity unit because of a reduction in perceived fetal movement, but surprisingly little evidence exists to support this form of further assessment. The 2003 Cochrane review by Pattison and McCowan7 only includes four studies, all in high or intermediate risk pregnancies, dating between 1982 and 1985. No significant effect on perinatal mortality or morbidity was found.

Better assessment may depend on more modern techniques such as Doppler velocimetry,30 or vibroacoustic testing.32^,33 In a brief communication in 2001, Berbey et al33 reported a statistically significant association between decreased fetal movements and several other prenatal or postnatal assessments of fetal wellbeing including Apgar score, but details of the study were sparsely reported and no attempt was made to link the data to outcomes of pregnancy.

A review of all methods of fetal movement monitoring, maternal and technical, by Velazquez and Rayburn in 200234 concluded that decreased movements noticed by the mother require reassessment by more technical tests of fetal well-being. There was insufficient evidence that maternal monitoring provides effective surveillance independently.

Is self-monitoring harmful?

Despite many publications generally being in support of fetal monitoring, it has not been unanimously accepted. There have been concerns over the extra testing and the risks associated with any intervention, some of which would inevitably turn out to have been unnecessary.35 There have also been fears that the burden of responsibility it placed on mothers might cause anxiety, although this was unfounded. Eggertsen and Benedetti studied 394 pregnancies followed by family physicians. Counting was well accepted, with 85% of women finding it reassuring and 91% wanting to include it in subsequent pregnancies.36 Although this refutes the suggestion that counting might cause anxiety, the level of support might have been very much less had the women appreciated that it was unlikely to protect the fetus.

In 1994, a prospective, controlled trial of 613 healthy pregnant women was conducted to determine whether fetal movement counting induced anxiety or other deleterious psychological effects in low-risk primigravidae.37 No signif-icant changes in psychological status occurred as a result of self-monitoring. It was interesting to note that independent of monitoring, all women showed changes in their psycholog-ical profile from 28–37 weeks. Positive attitudes towards the infant increased slightly, confirming an earlier finding by Mikhail et al in 1991,38 and feelings of wellbeing decreased slightly for all women. Perhaps this was what had prompted the original concern by professionals who observed women's attitudes changing later in pregnancy; without a control group it would be easy to attribute such changes to the fetal monitoring going on over the same period.

Balancing the divided opinion

Over the years, fetal monitoring by mothers has had its champions, such as Sadovsky,8^,26 but also its sceptics, such as Marsh.39

Expectant mothers take note of fetal movements because it gives them a sense of wellbeing and control, but the impact on preventing avoidable injury to the fetus is slight. The majority of pregnancies in which a decrease in movements has been noted will turn out to be normal; in some cases the fetus has already suffered irreversible injury before medical intervention can help. It is only the occasional pregnancy that falls between these two groups that can be helped by earlier diagnosis resulting from fetal movement monitoring. The number needed to treat has been estimated to be as high as 1250. The number needed to harm is so far undefined. It would need to be estimated from a very large sample within which the critical factor would be the number of pregnancies harmed by an unnecessary intervention that was undertaken because of concerns raised by decreased fetal movements. The likelihood is that there would be none or very few such pregnancies because major interventions usually depend on other events.

Conclusion

Health professionals should no longer recommend the routine counting of fetal movements, but pregnant women should continue to be aware of fetal movements in the second half of their pregnancy. If a decrease in movements that continues for more than 12 hours is noted, further assessment in hospital would help to reassure the mother and to avoid damaging the professional–patient relationship by delaying diagnosis in the case of an intrauterine death. If the period is less than 12 hours, it would be reasonable to be guided primarily by the woman's view as to whether she would find further assessment reassuring or not. What the NICE guideline does is to reinforce knowledge of the limitation of fetal movement monitoring. This allows the decision of whether or not to refer to be more patient-centred, and will avoid professionals relying on the kick chart and being lulled into a false sense of security when all seems well.

Received February 2, 2004.
Revision received March 26, 2004.
Accepted June 3, 2004.

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[1] ↵
National Institute for Clinical Excellence and National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health
(2003) Clinical Guideline CG6 Antenatal care: routine care for the healthy pregnant woman (National Institute for Clinical Evidence, London) http://www.rcog.org.uk/resources/Public/Antenatal_Care.pdf (accessed 10 Aug 2004).

[2] National Institute for Clinical Excellence and National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health

[3] ↵
National Institute for Clinical Excellence
(2003) New guideline for the NHS on the care of pregnant women (National Institute for Clinical Evidence, London) [press release]. http://www.nice.org.uk/page.aspx?o=90566 (accessed 29 Sep 2004).

[4] National Institute for Clinical Excellence

[5] ↵
Wathen B,
Dean T
(2004) An evaluation of the impact of NICE guidance on GP prescribing. Br J Gen Pract 54(499):103–107.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text

[6] Wathen B,

[7] Dean T

[8] ↵
Wildschut HIJ,
Weiner CP,
Peters TJ
Macones GA,
Depp R
(1996) in When to screen in obstetrics and gynaecology, Fetal monitoring, eds Wildschut HIJ, Weiner CP, Peters TJ (WB Saunders, London), pp 202–218.

[9] Wildschut HIJ,

[10] Weiner CP,

[11] Peters TJ

[12] Macones GA,

[13] Depp R

[14] ↵
Grant A,
Elbourne D,
Valentin L,
Alexander S
(1989) Routine formal fetal movement counting and risk of antepartum late death in normally formed singletons. Lancet 2(8659):345–349.
OpenUrl PubMed

[15] Grant A,

[16] Elbourne D,

[17] Valentin L,

[18] Alexander S

[19] ↵
Christensen FC,
Rayburn WF
(1999) Fetal movement counts. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 26(4):607–621.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[20] Christensen FC,

[21] Rayburn WF

[22] ↵
Pattison N,
McCowan L
(2004) The Cochrane Library, Cardiotocography for antepartum fetal assessment. Cochrane Review (John Wiley & Sons, Chichester), Issue 3.

[23] Pattison N,

[24] McCowan L

[25] ↵
Department of Health
(1993) Confidential enquiry in stillbirths and deaths. Annual report (Department of Health, London).

[26] Department of Health

[27] ↵
Sadovsky E,
Yaffe H
(1973) Daily fetal movement recording and fetal prognosis. Obstet Gynecol 41(6):845–850.
OpenUrl PubMed

[28] Sadovsky E,

[29] Yaffe H

[30] ↵
Kosasa TS,
Ebesugawa I,
Nakayama RT,
Hale RW
(1993) Massive fetomaternal haemorrhage preceded by decreased fetal movement and a nonreactive fetal heart rate pattern. Obstet Gynecol 82(4 Pt 2 Suppl):711–714.
OpenUrl PubMed

[31] Kosasa TS,

[32] Ebesugawa I,

[33] Nakayama RT,

[34] Hale RW

[35] ↵
James DK,
Telfer FM,
Keating NA,
et al.
(2000) Reduced fetal movements and maternal medication — new pregnancy risk factors for neurodevelopmental disability in childhood. J Obstet Gynaecol 20(3):226–234.
OpenUrl PubMed

[36] James DK,

[37] Telfer FM,

[38] Keating NA,

[39] et al.

[40] ↵
Boog G
(1988) Maternal determination of fetal movements. A sure and simple method of monitoring the pregnancy. Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet 83(11):693–695.
OpenUrl PubMed

[41] Boog G

[42] ↵
Goumbala M,
Zinga B,
Longo-Mbenza B
(1999) Fetal movement counts and analysis using maternal perception and automatic monitoring. Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet 94(5):388–391.
OpenUrl

[43] Goumbala M,

[44] Zinga B,

[45] Longo-Mbenza B

[46] ↵
Valentin L,
Marsal K
(1987) Pregnancy outcome in women perceiving decreased fetal movement. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 24(1):23–32.
OpenUrl PubMed

[47] Valentin L,

[48] Marsal K

[49] ↵
Whitty JE,
Garfinkel DA,
Divon MY
(1991) Maternal perception of decreased fetal movement as an indication for antepartum testing in a low-risk population. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165(4 Pt 1):1084–1088.
OpenUrl PubMed

[50] Whitty JE,

[51] Garfinkel DA,

[52] Divon MY

[53] ↵
Harrington K,
Thompson O,
Jordan L,
et al.
(1998) Obstetric outcome in women who present with a reduction in fetal movements in the third trimester of pregnancy. J Perinat Med 26(2):77–82.
OpenUrl PubMed

[54] Harrington K,

[55] Thompson O,

[56] Jordan L,

[57] et al.

[58] ↵
Biale Y,
Mazor M
(1985) Absence of fetal movements and normal infants. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 19(3):133–136.
OpenUrl PubMed

[59] Biale Y,

[60] Mazor M

[61] ↵
Wood C,
Gilbert M,
O'Connor A,
Walters WA
(1979) Subjective recording of fetal movement. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 86(11):836–842.
OpenUrl PubMed

[62] Wood C,

[63] Gilbert M,

[64] O'Connor A,

[65] Walters WA

[66] ↵
Sjöström K,
Valentin L,
Thelin T,
Marsal K
(2002) Maternal anxiety in late pregnancy: Effect on fetal movements and fetal heart rate. Early Hum Dev 67(1–2):87–100.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[67] Sjöström K,

[68] Valentin L,

[69] Thelin T,

[70] Marsal K

[71] ↵
Garrey MM,
Govan ADT,
Hodge C,
Callender R
(1980) Obstetrics Illustrated (Churchill Livingstone, London).

[72] Garrey MM,

[73] Govan ADT,

[74] Hodge C,

[75] Callender R

[76] ↵
Beach PR,
Duff PW,
Everett MT
(1983) Use of the fetal movement chart. J R Coll Gen Pract 33(252):424–430.
OpenUrl PubMed

[77] Beach PR,

[78] Duff PW,

[79] Everett MT

[80] ↵
Kindt J,
Erhardt U,
Retzke U
(1987) Counting fetal movements in ambulatory prenatal care. Zentralbl Gynakol 109(6):353–357.
OpenUrl PubMed

[81] Kindt J,

[82] Erhardt U,

[83] Retzke U

[84] ↵
Lehman AE,
Estok PJ
(1987) Screening tool for daily fetal movement. Nurse Pract 12(1):40–42, 44.
OpenUrl PubMed

[85] Lehman AE,

[86] Estok PJ

[87] ↵
Smith CV,
Davis SA,
Rayburn WF
(1992) Patients' acceptance of monitoring fetal movement. A randomised comparison of charting techniques. J Reprod Med 37(2):144–146.
OpenUrl PubMed

[88] Smith CV,

[89] Davis SA,

[90] Rayburn WF

[91] ↵
Pearson JF,
Weaver JB
(1976) Fetal activity and fetal wellbeing: an evaluation. BMJ 1(6021):1305–1307.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text

[92] Pearson JF,

[93] Weaver JB

[94] ↵
Sadovsky E,
Polishuk WZ
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Professional and patient perspectives of NICE guidelines to abandon maternal monitoring of fetal movements

Abstract

Introduction

Box 1. Routine monitoring of fetal movements.1

Recommendation

HOW THIS FITS IN

What do we know?

What does this paper add?

Method

Discussion

How effective is the monitoring of fetal movements in preventing fetal complications?

When does a reduction in fetal movements become significant?

Is there an effective response to reduced fetal movements?

Is self-monitoring harmful?

Balancing the divided opinion

Conclusion

References

In this issue

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Main menu

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Search

Professional and patient perspectives of NICE guidelines to abandon maternal monitoring of fetal movements

Abstract

Introduction

Box 1. Routine monitoring of fetal movements.1

Recommendation

HOW THIS FITS IN

What do we know?

What does this paper add?

Method

Discussion

How effective is the monitoring of fetal movements in preventing fetal complications?

When does a reduction in fetal movements become significant?

Is there an effective response to reduced fetal movements?

Is self-monitoring harmful?

Balancing the divided opinion

Conclusion

References

In this issue

Citation Manager Formats

Jump to section

Keywords

Related Articles

Cited By...

NAVIGATE

RCGP

MY ACCOUNT

NEWS AND UPDATES

AUTHORS & REVIEWERS

CUSTOMER SERVICES

CONTRIBUTE

CONTACT US