Intervention group12 | | | | |
New intervention versus usual care | 1.13 (0.71 to 1.81) | 0.61 | | |
|
Sociodemographic variables | | | | |
|
Age, years | | 0.44 | | |
30–50 versus 18–30 | 0.77 (0.40 to 1.49) | | | |
50–65 versus 18–30 | 0.61 (0.29 to 1.30) | | | |
|
Sex | | 0.93 | | |
Male versus female | 1.02 (0.64 to 1.64) | | | |
|
Educational level | | 0.53 | | |
Secondary versus primary | 0.77 (0.46 to 1.31) | | | |
College/university versus primary | 1.04 (0.52 to 2.08) | | | |
|
Employed | | 0.76 | | |
Yes versus no | 1.12 (0.54 to 2.30) | | | |
|
Health insurance | | 0.43 | | |
Private versus public | 0.82 (0.49 to 1.35) | | | |
|
Characteristics of low back pain | | | | |
|
Pain intensity during day (0–10)16 | | 0.34 | | |
4–6 versus 0–3 | 0.75 (0.43 to 1.31) | | | |
7–10 versus 0–3 | 1.12 (0.58 to 2.17) | | | |
|
Radiation of pain | | 0.09a | | |
Yes versus no | 1.50 (0.93 to 2.42) | | | |
|
Radiation of pain below knee | | 0.03a | | |
Yes versus no | 2.17 (1.10 to 4.27) | | | |
|
Duration of current back pain episode (days) | | 0.13a | | |
8–30 versus 0–7 | 1.47 (0.87 to 2.49) | | | |
31–90 versus 0–7 | 2.04 (0.98 to 4.24) | | | |
|
Frequency of back pain episodes in previous year | | <0.001a | | <0.001 |
≥3 versus 1 or 2 | 3.92 (2.39 to 6.44) | | 2.89 (1.61 to 5.16) | |
|
Pain sites other than back | | 0.50 | | |
Yes versus no | 1.18 (0.72 to 1.93) | | | |
|
Functional disability (RDQ; 0–24)17 | | 0.85 | | |
>13 versus ≤13 (median split) | 0.96 (0.60 to 1.53) | | | |
|
Severity of main complaint (0–10)18 | | 0.45 | | |
>7 versus ≤7 (median split) | 1.20 (0.75 to 1.93) | | | |
|
Physical workload | | | | |
|
Sitting19 | | 0.24 | | |
Sometimes versus never/seldom | 1.55 (0.79 to 3.03) | | | |
Often/always versus never/seldom | 0.94 (0.52 to 1.70) | | | |
|
Standing19 | | 0.13a | | |
Per point (1–5)b | 1.19 (0.95 to 1.49) | | | |
|
Walking19 | | 0.02a | | 0.04 |
Per point (1–5)b | 1.38 (1.05 to 1.82) | | 1.38 (1.01 to 1.89) | |
|
Lifting19 | | 0.70 | | |
Sometimes versus never/seldom | 1.23 (0.69 to 2.19) | | | |
Often/always versus never/seldom | 0.95 (0.52 to 1.73) | | | |
|
Tiredness19 | | 0.001a | | |
Per point (1–5)b | 1.55 (1.21 to 2.00) | | | |
|
Sweating19 | | 0.70 | | |
Sometimes versus never/seldom | 1.24 (0.71 to 2.17) | | | |
Often/always versus never/seldom | 0.98 (0.51 to 1.87) | | | |
|
Psychosocial factors | | | | |
|
Fear avoidance (FABQ; 0–24)20 | | 0.63 | | |
>15 versus ≤15 (median split) | 1.12 (0.70 to 1.79) | | | |
Pain catastrophising (CSQ; 0–36)21 | | <0.001a | | 0.09 |
Per point | 1.08 (1.04 to 1.12) | | 1.04 (0.99 to 1.09) | |
|
Distress (4DSQ; 0–32)22 | | 0.02a | | |
Per point | 1.04 (1.01 to 1.08) | | | |
|
Somatisation (4DSQ; 0–32)22 | | <0.001a | | |
Per point | 1.10 (1.04 to 1.16) | | | |
|
Influence on health (1–4)23 | | 0.01a | | |
Much influence/reasonable versus | | | | |
no influence/hardly any | 0.51 (0.30 to 0.86) | | | |
|
Perceived general health (SF-36; 1–5)24 | | 0.001a | | |
Per point | 0.56 (0.40 to 0.78) | | | |
|
Responses of a significant other as perceived by patient (MPI; 0–6)25 | | | | |
Punishing responses | | 0.36 | | |
>0 versus 0 (median split) | 1.25 (0.77 to 2.03) | | | 0.02 |
Solicitous responses | | 0.06a | | |
Per point | 0.84 (0.70 to 1.01) | | 0.76(0.61 to 0.95) | |
Distracting responses | | 0.81 | | |
>2.3 versus ≤2.3 (median split) | 1.06 (0.66 to 1.72) | | | |
|
Patient estimation of the risk (0–10) to develop chronic low back pain6 | | ≤0.001a | | 0.01 |
4–6 versus 0–3 | 1.59 (0.89 to 2.83) | | 1.19 (0.61 to 2.32) | |
7–10 versus 0–3 | 5.34 (2.80 to 10.18) | | 3.10 (1.44 to 6.69) | |