Strong evidence for association | Age (older) |
| Cognitive function |
|
Moderate evidence for association | Self-rated health |
| Visual impairment |
|
Limited evidence for association | Income |
| Marital status |
| Residence (non-urban) |
| Social network characteristics |
| Institutional factors |
| Hospitalisation |
| Body mass index |
| Physical activity level |
|
Some evidence for no association | Sex |
| Race/ethnicity |
| Education |
| Smoking |
| Alcohol |
| Chronic diseases |
|
No evidence | Insurance |
| Loneliness |
| Emotional support |
| Depression |
| Hearing impairment |
| Joint pain |
| Dyspnoea |
| Population mortality rate |