Mathews et al21 | 140 (54%, n = 304 | Inclusion South Asian origin: Bangladeshi 21%, Indian 23%, Pakistani 48%, other South Asian origin 8% Age: 13–81 years (mean = 44.5 ± 13.6) 66% female; 48.8% with family history of diabetes | Health clinic/ community-based CHD prevention and control service Referral (1) self (2) voluntary organisations (3) GP/other health workers | Uncontrolled before-and-after study 1) 30-minute screening clinic to identify and address CHD risk factors; 2) 30-minute consultation to discuss individual tests, heart-health profile and goal setting; printout of heart profile with personal levels of risk; (3) dietetic clinic to provide one-to-one nutritional support 4) optional practical activities including cookery workshops, exercise classes and CHD/diabetes-awareness sessions | Delivered at project base and community venues by (1) health visitors (2) South Asian community workers (3) interpreter and translator service from local council and South Asian health workers | Clinic follow-up 6–12 months from baseline | Anthropometric (1) weight (2) BMI (3) waist girth Blood pressure (1) systolic (2) diastolic Blood biochemistry (1) cholesterol (2) HDL (3) triglycerides Mean collective CHD risk score/100 | Lifestyle assessment self-reported: (1) salt intake (2) consumption of fried meat snacks (3) takes moderate exercise | Psychological motivational stage of change in relation to CHD and diabetes control (precontemplation/contemplation/preparation/action/maintenance) |
Rush et al22 | 41 (not reported) | Inclusion migrant Asian Indian
origin >50 years Exclusion (1) knee/hip replacement (2) lifting weights (3) pregnant (4) major medical conditions such as diabetes/cancer (5) taking medication affecting body composition Age: female = 59 ± 8 years; male = 62 ± 8 years Sex: 50% female | Community-based group physical activity and diet education sessions Referral personal contact with community organisations | Uncontrolled before-and-after study (1) initial group education session with food guide and healthy-lifestyle handouts for Indian adults, individually marked waist threads
to assess girth change, pedometers, diary to record number of daily steps (2) 3- monthly group sessions (pedometer club, weigh-ins, cooking demonstration) with handouts | Delivered at hospital laboratory (measures) and regular meetings at community groups (intervention) Details of project staff not reported | Measures taken at baseline, 1, and 5 months Group sessions delivered directly following measures at 1 month and then once per month until study end | Anthropometric (1) weight (2) waist girth (3) body fat (4) abdominal fat Blood pressure (1) systolic (2) diastolic Blood biochemistry (1) cholesterol (2) HDL (3) total/HDL (4) triglycerides (5) glucose (6) insulin (7) HOMA-B (8) HOMA-S | N/A | N/A |
Williams and Sultan23 | 13 (N/A) | Inclusion Females of Asian origin Age: 26–55 years, mean age not reported Average attendance: 10 per group with nine per group being overweight or obese Language: seven of 13 women required | Community-based group healthy eating and exercise classes Referral personal contact with existing women's group, word of mouth by attendees and link worker | Uncontrolled before, after, and follow-up study: (1) Weekly healthy-eating and exercise group over 12 weeks: (a) opportunity to be weighed and discuss individual progress (b) 45 minutes of low impact stretch and tone exercises (c) advice on suitable home exercises and healthy-eating discussions | Delivered at community venue by: (1) dietitian (2) fitness instructor (3) link worker who acted as interpreter and gave assurance that group would be run in a culturally appropriate way | Measures taken at baseline (first group session), 12 weeks (final group session), and follow-up 17 months later | Anthropometric (1) weight (2) BMI | N/A | N/A |
Hawthorne and Tomlinson24 | 201 (4.5% n = 192) | Inclusion Pakistani Muslim patients with T2DM Exclusion (1) enrolled in another study (2) participant or spouse received diabetes education in last 6 months (3) planning to go abroad in study period (4) too ill to participate Age: 50–58 years (mean age not reported) Sex: 54% female Education level: 35% no formal education Language: one-third of participants non-English speaking | Clinic or home-based flashcard, diabetes health education Referral hospital outpatients or diabetes clinic from 10 general practices | RCT (1) A3, colour photographs of Asian models, utensils, and food used as flashcards (2) standardised interview questionnaire used to conduct individual, structured education
package (content not reported) | Delivered at hospital clinics, GP surgery, or home by: 1) trained link worker fluent in Punjabi, Urdu, and English | Measures taken at baseline and 6-month baseline and 6-month follow-up | Blood biochemistry (1) cholesterol (2) HbA1c | N/A | Psychological (1) finds it hard to refuse food at social events (2) can choose correct food at weddings Knowledge (1) agrees importance of diet to diabetes prevention (2) correctly identifies different food values (number of items not reported) |