RESULTS
Participants
Of 34 CASM participants approached, 26 agreed to be interviewed (older and male participants were less likely to agree) Table 1 summarises their characteristics as collected at the cohort study baseline. Interviewees tended to live in less-deprived neighbourhoods (median Index of Multiple Deprivation Score 2010 of 10.4) and 73% had a professional qualification and/or a degree, generally reflecting the CASM cohort as a whole. Seven interviews were conducted over the telephone due to the interviewees’ distal location from the Oxford-based research team.
Table 1. Participants’ characteristics (n = 26)
Starting to self-monitor
Prior to self-monitoring, the interviewees had few worries about using the monitor; however, the reality, at least initially, did not align with the stress-free procedure described by the manufacturer. One patient said that ‘It must have taken me about 20 goes to actually get it right the first time,’ (ID336, female, 36 years), while another said ‘It was ridiculous … I was getting really despondent’ (ID351, female, 73 years).
Problems using the lancet to achieve a sufficiently large blood sample, and applying it correctly to the test strip within the time limit, were encountered. The fact that patients were taking ‘blood thinners’ added to their bewilderment:
‘I did think … “this is hopeless, I can’t get the blood out, it’s just a waste of time”.’
(ID342, male, 48 years)
Others felt personally responsible for the problems they were experiencing:
‘The manual was very clear, written in very idiot-proof language, and then I’ve screwed up.’
(ID350, male, 32 years)
These feelings were compounded by the use of multiple test strips:
‘It [the monitor] came with a pack of five strips and I think I messed up every strip and I got a bit panicky then.’
(ID333, female, 63 years)
Over time (sometimes a very short time) some individuals found that using the monitor became less of an ordeal. One male participant explained that ‘It’s awkward at first, but […] the more you do it, the more easy it becomes really,’
(ID338, male, 55 years)
An older female participant said:
‘I don’t feel apprehensive about it now, I just go ahead and do it.’
(ID351, female, 73 years)
For others, however, there were hints that, despite use of the device seeming to get easier, it still required some emotional, as well as physical, effort:
‘I’ve got much more confident now and I don’t feel quite so anxious.’
(ID332, female, 66 years)
Training
Although the instruction booklet and DVD supplied by the manufacturer were felt to be helpful, the opportunity for in-person training was welcomed:
‘I know you can ring the manufacturer and they’re very good, but it’s different, isn’t it when you’re on the other end of the phone? It’s not quite having somebody face to face to see you actually physically doing it.’
(ID332, female, 66 years)
Training was helpful in overcoming initial problems and extended beyond practical guidance to emotional support:
‘I had to go back twice because I was getting myself in a bit of a state about it and he [the anticoagulation clinic nurse] … very, very, reassuring he was.’
(ID340, female, 78 years)
The atmosphere in the anticoagulation clinic was less tense than at home. One participant said she thought she:
‘... was more relaxed because it was in a controlled environment and somebody else was there, an expert was there.’
(ID333, female, 63 years)
The clinic offered an opportunity to observe practices and to ask questions:
‘It was a two-way job. [They would ask] “What do you think?” Now that was educational.’
(ID211, male, 76 years)
Some used the clinic practices as a template for their subsequent self-monitoring behaviour:
‘We’ve got into the routine that […] the day that we do […] is normally a Friday — only because I used to go to the clinic on the Friday.’
(ID239, male, 68 years)
Interviewees also educated themselves to supplement the variable levels of support and training available:
‘I’d researched that [the monitor] fully and looked at all the videos and stuff and, by the time the machine came, you know, I just opened it up and I could use it straight away.’
(ID338, male, 55 years)
Self-monitoring test results
Generally interviewees trusted the results produced by their monitor; its accuracy was only doubted if the results were outside the participant’s target range. A phase-in period, when the monitor was used alongside clinic testing, was valued by those with limited previous experience of the technology:
‘Three months or more of running it side by side and then we [the interviewee and his GP] decided that the readings were so close that, yeah, it was alright.’
(ID342, male, 42 years)
A key motivation for self-monitoring was to keep a closer eye on INR levels. However, this was not always the reassuring process anticipated, as the results obtained required interpretation:
‘Although it [the monitor] comes with a lovely DVD and it explains everything and it tells you to do everything, then you think you got this result … and then, “what do I do with it now?”’
(ID201, female, 39 years)
Knowing how to react, and being able to do so in a timely manner, was valued. This helped mitigate any negative emotional feelings associated with the result:
‘[It was] fine, because I had everything around me to know what to do immediately … I mean obviously it wasn’t good that it was so low … but it is quite empowering.’
(ID281, female, 42 years)
‘If I can contact the INR clinic I’m not too worried because I know that we can increase the dose and, obviously, sort that out pretty quickly.’
(ID333, female, 63 years)
Out-of-range results could cause feelings of disappointment:
‘[I felt] annoyed with myself for, like, not dosing myself correctly, but I think I’ve learnt now, with a bit more experience, that it’s a pretty random drug and there’s no point in beating yourself up over it.’
(ID350, male, 32 years)
Others recognised that such results generate work:
‘For months it was up, it was down, it was up, it was down, changing the dosage and, you know, it was frustrating thinking, “Why is it messing?”’
(ID357, female, 55 years)
Routines and reminders
Some interviewees talked of developing a self-monitoring routine:
‘It took a bit of tuning to find the right time and the right place to do it […] I started off doing it in the mornings and worked out that that wasn’t the right way forward.’
(ID350, male, 32 years)
A minority were, however, less organised:
‘Suddenly I get a guilty conscience, yeah, “Oh God, I’d better do it.”’
(ID211, male, 76 years)
And reminder systems were frequently used:
‘I write it in big red writing, I put “BLOOD” on my calendar.’
(ID340, female, 78 years)
Embedded within the routine was record keeping:
‘When I take the test, not only do I fill in a reading in my yellow book, but I also write it down in my diary as well and … the date when I need to do my next test.’
(ID368, male, 69 years)
Most interviewees demonstrated high levels of medication adherence:
‘I take it like clockwork … I have one of the … daily drug organisers, so I always set that up on a weekly basis.’
(ID336, female, 45 years)
In addition, family members helped; one participant explained that her ‘husband makes up the week’s drugs into little pots.’
(ID263, female, 54 years)
Some individuals were also able to transfer skills learned from living with other conditions to self-monitoring their INR:
‘I test with the diabetic [blood glucose self-monitoring kit], it’s a very similar thing.’
(ID263, female, 54 years)
A variety of testing frequencies were reported, balancing the reassurance of the result and the work required to achieve it:
‘Once or twice she’s [the practice nurse] said, “Well I suggest you check a bit sooner” because obviously [laughs] I like to leave it as long as I can.’
(ID239, male, 68 years)
Those with stable INR levels were advised to leave up to 12 weeks between tests. This presented challenges in terms of both remembering to do the test and how to use the monitor:
‘Cos you’re not using it very often you tend to forget and that’s when the panic sets in.’
(ID379, male, 46 years)
‘I guess the biggest challenge is always just remembering to do it.’
(ID327, male, 49 years)
Lifestyle
OAT has numerous dietary interactions and the same self-discipline and effort that was demonstrated in developing a self-monitoring routine extended to interviewees’ lifestyles. There was, however, a workable balance to be made:
‘I love vegetables, I love spinach, I love cranberries, broccoli. They say you should try and keep it all even but it’s very difficult.’
(ID333, female, 63 years)
Disruptions included holidays, work, family, and social commitments. As one interviewee explained:
‘It is hard to maintain an absolutely steady INR […] short of having an absolutely monastic lifestyle …’
(ID327, male, 49 years).
However, necessary compromises were made when integrating self-monitoring behaviour into daily lives, and those with a less-consistent lifestyle were able to track the consequences more closely:
‘It hasn’t changed my lifestyle in any way at all but it monitors my lifestyle.’
(ID211, male, 76 years)
For a younger interviewee this was associated with his pre-illness identity:
‘Maintaining self-testing makes me feel like I’m a normal person that can do anything I want.’
(ID350, male, 32 years)
There was some evidence that self-monitoring led to an increase in risky behaviour:
‘[Prior to self-monitoring] I think you tend to be more careful about what you eat and you’re a bit paranoid really … whereas now, if I just thought, “Oh, I’ll eat so and so”, I can always leave it 2 or 3 days and have a check to see if it has affected it adversely.’
(ID338, male, 55 years)
However, this was limited and one individual’s response was more typical of the cohort:
‘It never crossed my mind and I don’t think I would want to do that, to be honest … I’d rather take it [the OAT] and be, like, proactive and make sure it’s okay before I do something, not afterwards.’
(ID346, female, 33 years)
Alcohol intake was discussed by several interviewees:
‘The big thing about warfarin is you can’t have a drink and, oh, you’ve got to be very consistent, and then the last thing I can be is consistent [laughs].’
(ID352, male, 55 years)
This man’s lifestyle was discordant with his desire for a stable INR. He explained that he ‘… wanted to be absolutely in range, absolutely, you know. I’d like things to be exact’ and had begun to adjust his dose to rectify his behaviour and improve his INR control. He believed that:
‘If I have done something silly I can just do a quick check on it.’
(ID352, male, 55 years)
These dosage adjustments were against the wishes of the clinic.
Dose adjustment
A meta-analysis of trial data suggested that the clinical benefits of OAT self-monitoring may be greatest for patients managing their own dose adjustments;5 as such, this study investigated attitudes towards this. A major barrier experienced was a lack of healthcare professional support:
‘I wouldn’t mind doing it myself, but I think that’s taking it out their hands and out of their control, and that’s not what they want.’
(ID357, female, 55 years)
Most clinics with an established self-monitoring service required patients to sign a contract stating they would not adjust their own OAT:
‘It sets out just what they expect of me and what I would expect of them as well. It’s very clear.’
(ID338, male, 55 years)
Self-testing meant interviewees were able to avoid physically attending the clinic, which was often a key motivation for self-monitoring.
When the method for receiving dosing advice worked well, the drive to self-manage was further reduced:
‘I’d be quite happy to do it [self-manage] but then I don’t have any problems dealing with the hospital either because they’re so professional.’
(ID281, female, 42 years)
In addition, some interviewees gained reassurance from being in regular contact with the clinic:
‘I do feel confident, a bit, sort of, more secure knowing they [the clinic staff] are there. That might be just transferring my, the responsibility somewhere else.’
(ID330, female, 66 years)
However, several interviewees described difficulties in accessing dosing advice:
‘You think that you’ve got this wonderful machine, you can get on with your life … but, you know, you’re still ringing up the doctors saying, “Look it’s 4.5 today. What do I do?”’
(ID339, female, 49 years)
Following a 3-day delay in getting advice, she was provided with a dosing algorithm by her haematologist (her ‘prayer book’) and began to self-manage. In her opinion:
‘Without guidelines … it doesn’t work. Once I got those guidelines, you know, I’m happy. I’m a lot better, [a] more-positive person.’
(ID339, female, 49 years)
The use of dosing algorithms was limited. Other interviewees reviewed previous dosing decisions or utilised a more ‘trial-and-error’ approach:
‘There seems to be no rocket science to this, you know; if the reading’s too high you take a bit less, if the reading’s too low you take a bit more.’
(ID327, male, 49 years)
In some cases, family and friends stepped in to also check doses:
‘There’s two of us, albeit I do it, but we [interviewee and wife] do have a chat about the dosage.’
(ID239, male, 68 years)
‘I was very much controlling it and running it myself, they [father and friend] were just my sort of … double-checkers.’
(ID350, male, 32 years)
Interviewees recognised the responsibility of altering their own dose, with one participant commenting that:
‘It’s like being on insulin … they’re both quite dangerous materials.’
(ID307, female, 59 years)
However, first-time dose adjustment was sometimes unplanned, unprepared for, and in response to weaknesses in the dosing advice system:
‘For some reason between 5 o’clock on Friday night and 8 o’clock Monday morning you’re very much on your own with the NHS GP practice.’
(ID307, female, 59 years)
Other reasons for informally managing dose adjustments included pre-empting advice:
‘I was sort of doing something I know that they would have asked me to, but then perhaps it’s not right.’
(ID332, female, 66 years)
In addition, some interviewees preferred a more personal approach than those provided by the computer dosing programs used by some clinics because:
‘… you have a bit more of a gut feeling about yourself’
(ID330, female 66 years).
The range of acceptable INR results was often different to, and/or narrower than, the conventionally accepted target therapeutic ranges. For example, participant 357’s target range was between 2.0 and 3.0, however she felt:
‘If it could just stay at 2.5 that would be fantastic, but it’s 2.7, 2.3, the last test I did it was 2.0.’
(ID357, female, 55 years)
‘They [the clinic staff] don't like me being above 4, so I like to be 3.6–3.8.’
(ID352, male, 52 years)
Some felt the therapeutic range was arbitrary and disagreed with taking remedial action only once it had been breached, while two interviewees self-managed by altering their diet rather than their OAT dosage:
‘I’d rather eat the green vegetables and get my INR naturally down.’
(ID307, female, 59 years)
‘I sort of force a lot of greens down myself [laughs], and if it’s [the INR’s] the opposite way, I’ll have another drink or I’ll have some alcohol cos I know that will bring it back up again as well. So, I’m doing that really instead of going to the clinic in a way, if I’m honest.’
(ID332, female, 66 years)
DISCUSSION
Summary
Interviewees described OAT self-monitoring as a generally positive experience. Key difficulties at the outset of self-monitoring included using the monitor and gaining health professional agreement and/or ongoing support to do so. Over time, most interviewees successfully established a balance between remembering their self-monitoring routine, reflecting on their INR levels, and being conscious of their lifestyle, without becoming obsessed by it. They embedded personalised self-monitoring behaviour within their daily lives.
Strengths and limitations
To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first in-depth study of people self-monitoring their OAT that provides insights into their experiences. Patients purchasing their own monitoring devices — and therefore eligible for the CASM study — were younger than typical anticoagulant clinic attendees and well educated. Although they are not representative of all patients that could be offered self-monitoring in the future, their experiences provide an insight into this previously understudied area.
Comparison with existing literature
In accordance with an earlier study of people with diabetes, interviewees reported that self-monitoring could be hard work.16 It was, however, viewed as a more favourable alternative to attending potentially inflexible, overcrowded clinics that were unable to accommodate their work, family, and social commitments
Although those with stable INR levels expended less effort self-monitoring than those with fluctuating INR levels, the latter group reaped greater practical rewards by not having to attend frequent clinic appointments. The description of self-monitoring becoming ‘normal’ and interviewees developing a feel for it echoes the experience of patients self-monitoring their blood pressure.17 The range of emotions and actions triggered by self-monitored test results also concurs with those described by patients self-monitoring chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.18
A few interviewees reported that managing multiple concomitant conditions made self-monitoring easier by providing transferable skills, unlike a sample of patients with hypertension who felt overwhelmed.19 However, self-monitoring still relies on the ability of individuals to effectively communicate with health professionals regarding test results, predominantly when they are aberrant. This presents difficulties, particularly in the out-of-hours setting, when access to advice is limited and patient inertia and anxiety can lead to ill-advised decision making. The need for reassurance regarding self-management dosing decisions has also been observed in diabetes self-management.20
The discrepancy between the clinically accepted target range and the patient target range has also been observed in the main CASM study14 and in diabetes self-monitoring.21 In addition, Meier et al previously demonstrated that a narrow range does not necessarily improve control and, therefore, self-monitoring patients could be undergoing additional stress and workload for no clinical benefit.22
Implications for research and practice
Box 1 outlines recommendations for the training and support of patients beginning to self-monitor their OAT based on the study findings. Feelings towards self-management were often ambivalent and, for some, it was interpreted as ‘going it alone’ — a rebranding to ‘shared management’ should perhaps be considered to reflect the typical situation where patients manage on a day-to-day basis with support from health professionals being available if there are any problems. In addition, a phase-in period, in which a patient runs their dosing suggestions past a health professional, could help develop patients’ skills.
Box 1. Recommendations to improve training and support based on the narratives of interviewees
OrganisationalEnsure staff have experience of using the monitor so in-depth support can be provided
Implement a robust support system, including out-of-hours care if possible
Initial trainingTraining skillsOffer advice on how to achieve a sufficiently large blood drop
Include skills for effective medication adherence and record keeping
Encourage reflection on how patients can translate the training into their daily lives
Acknowledge lifestyle variations and disruption to routine; reflect on ways to mitigate their impact
Training contentReiterate lifestyle factors that affect oral anticoagulation therapy
Explain the therapeutic range and the risks of being outside it
Ensure that the therapeutic range is agreed and clearly documented by both patients and staff
Provide reassurance about the problems encountered during the initial period
Acknowledge the limitations of any support system
Consider a phase-in period for those beginning to self-manage
Review dosing decisions made by the patient
Ongoing support Another area that warrants further research is the use of diet to ‘naturally’ manage their INR. Although some interviewees felt this was preferable to adjusting their medication, the consequences could be unpredictable. How common this practice is, and whether it could — or should — be incorporated into self-monitoring dosing guidelines, could be considered.
In some cases, dosing and testing algorithms developed for clinic use were being applied to self-monitoring patients. Interviewees were being asked to leave up to a 12-week gap in between tests, which led to some anxiety and difficulty operating the monitor. These algorithms were developed to balance patient safety with clinic workload. By not physically attending the clinic, this balance has been altered and, therefore, specific testing frequency advice for self-monitoring patients could be applied.23
Among this self-selected sample, the current — sometimes ad hoc — support available appears adequate to enable them to self-monitor successfully. However better, more consistent training, and robust support systems would have alleviated a number of problems encountered. Based on the interviewees’ experiences, a set of recommendations has been developed for improved support. Better support systems will become more important if OAT self-monitoring becomes more widely available.
