No country has yet established a national screening programme (NSP) for atrial fibrillation (AF), including the UK. However, there is an increasing body of evidence suggesting screening may be beneficial, prompting recommendations from prominent expert bodies to screen for AF.1 Despite these data, the UK National Screening Committee (NSC) has not recommended systematic population screening. The review in 2014 concluded ‘… it is not clear that those identified as at risk through screening would benefit from early diagnosis’.2 The NSC also identified a need to improve clinical management and standardise the treatment services currently available to those with diagnosed AF. The British Cardiovascular Society issued a subsequent statement in response to the decision questioning the interpretation of the evidence and suggesting that it would be in the public interest to reconsider their decision.3 A further review by the UK NSC is scheduled for 2017/2018.
MAIN ARGUMENTS FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION SCREENING
AF is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, present in around 1% of the population and 5% of those aged ≥65 years.4 Approximately 1 million people are diagnosed with AF in England and Wales, and several hundred thousand more may have undiagnosed AF. Data from the US suggest the incidence of AF may double by 2050.5
The most important clinical significance of AF is the associated fivefold increase in the risk of stroke. Furthermore, AF-related strokes tend to be more severe and have higher mortality.6 Treatment of AF with anticoagulation is highly effective at reducing this excess risk of stroke.1 Population-based screening for AF thus has the potential for consideration as part of a public health initiative, meeting many of the NSC’s criteria. It is estimated that 7100 AF-related strokes and 2100 AF-related deaths could be prevented annually in the UK if everyone with AF was appropriately managed.7
Several factors have led to an increased interest in AF screening.8
Increased prevalence
The prevalence of AF is increasing due to a combination of population ageing, changing patterns of risk factors, and improved survival rates in other, contributory forms of cardiovascular disease.
Newer effective treatments
Newer treatments are available in the form of novel oral anticoagulants (NOACS), which are safer, at least as effective as the existing treatment mainstay of vitamin K antagonists, and simpler to use (as they do not require regular blood tests).
Development of relatively inexpensive screening devices
A number of relatively inexpensive screening devices for detecting AF in the community have been developed and the field may evolve rapidly as new technologies and algorithms emerge.
MAIN ISSUES WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION SCREENING
Although the case for screening is strong, there are several key outstanding issues and in particular:
Lack of evidence
There is a lack of high-quality randomised controlled trial (RCT) evidence that screening for silent AF in a high-risk population who may or may not be already interacting with the healthcare system saves lives or reduces morbidity. Is the risk of stroke in someone with screen-detected AF the same as someone with AF detected because of clinical presentation? Although the RCT evidence is lacking, a large UK cohort study showed that untreated incident asymptomatic AF resulted in a stroke rate of 4% and mortality of 7% in the first 1.5 years after diagnosis9 and these patients would not be considered low risk. Oral anticoagulant ± antiplatelet therapy received by 51% in the year following diagnosis was associated with adjusted hazard ratio of 0.35 for stroke, and 0.56 for death compared with no therapy.
Is screening for AF cost-effective?
Several cost-effectiveness analyses have been published since the NSC report, which conclude that screening is cost-effective. However, they relied on untested assumptions of prognosis and treatment effect in screen-detected AF, and on time lag before a screen-detected AF would become diagnosed without screening.
The uptake of anticoagulation for established AF in the UK is poor
Results published in August 2014 in the first report of the Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP) found that only 36% of patients with known AF admitted to hospital with a stroke were taking anticoagulants.10
Other issues that need considering include:
Workload in general practice
This has increased significantly and thus there are concerns as to whether an AF screening programme would be sustainable.11
Many primary care professionals cannot accurately detect AF on an electrocardiogram
Diagnosis of AF in the community needs to factor in the reading of electrocardiograms by appropriately trained people.12
Should the screening include screening for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (pAF)?
Early results from the STROKESTOP study13 suggest that, if pAF is sought, this will greatly increase the yield of screening. However, question marks remain as to whether pAF carries the same stroke risk as permanent AF.14
CONCLUSIONS
Before we can introduce a national screening programme, we need to know from randomised trials whether or not AF screening is effective at reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. There are ongoing trials exploring this question in Sweden and the Netherlands, and more are planned. If screening is effective, there are several operational issues that need to be addressed before a national screening programme can be introduced: What is the optimal target population? What is the optimal screening technology? How best to confirm that screen-positive people do have AF? How to ensure fully informed patient choice, both with regard to acceptance of screening, and subsequent treatment if found to have AF?
There is strong potential for public health gain in screening for AF, but, as yet, the evidence base is unlikely sufficient for a national programme.
Notes
Provenance
Freely submitted; externally peer reviewed.
Competing interests
Greg Irving sits on the UK National Screening Committee.
- © British Journal of General Practice 2017
In this issue
Jump to section
More in this TOC Section
Related Articles
Cited By...
