Elsey et al, 2015 (UK)24 | 30 | Consecutive referrals to memory clinic October 2012 to October 2014 agreeing to participate in video recording. 30/99 videos analysed. Refusal data not provided | Neurodegenerative (ND), functional memory disorder (FMD) | Not described | ND: Median 60 (47–80), FMD: 66 (51–78) | ND: 45.5% F FMD: 66.7% F | Yes | Not described | Neurology-led memory clinic |
Fukui et al, 2011 (Japan)32 | 181 | Consecutive referrals attending clinic run by lead author during the period September 2010 to March 2011. Refusal data not provided | Alzheimer’s dementia (AD), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), vascular dementia (VaD) | HDSR (Hasegawa Dementia Rating Scale) — short cognitive test AD: 14.5 (+/– 6.6) aMCI: 24.8 (+/– 3.9) DLB: 15.1 (+/– 6.9) PSP: 14.5 (+/– 8.0) VaD: 20.5 (+/– 4.2) | AD: 79.1 (+/– 8.7 years), aMCI: 79.3 (+/– 4 years), DLB: 77.9 (+/– 6.3 years), PSP: 78.4 (+/– 5.2 years), VaD: 73.8 (+/– 3.2 years) | AD: 65% F, aMCI: 63% F, DLB: 47% F, PSP: 38% F, VaD: 33% F | Yes | Not described | Neurology department |
Ghadri-Sani and Larner, 2013 (UK)33 | 191 | Over a 10-month period (February to December 2012), 191 consecutive new referrals were observed for the presence of HTS | Dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), cognitively normal | 85/191 judged to have cognitive impairment. Cognitive scores not provided | Median: 60 (20–89) | 45% F | Yes | Not described | Neurology-led memory clinic |
Hasselkus, 1992 (US)34 | 27 | Purposive sampling approach to patients on clinic roster likely to be accompanied by a family member. Number approached and refusals not described | ‘Continuing health problems’, ‘dementing illnesses’, hearing impairment, and expressive dysphasia | Although participants are described as ‘cognitively impaired’ or ‘not cognitively impaired’ the cutoff point for cognitive impairment not described | Mean 77.3 (64–91) | Not described | Yes | 100% white | General internal medicine clinic |
Hasselkus, 1994 (US)35 | 27 | Purposive sampling approach to patients on clinic roster likely to be accompanied by a family member. Number approached and refusals not described | ‘Continuing health problems’, ‘dementing illnesses’, hearing impairment, and expressive dysphasia | Although participants are described as ‘cognitively impaired’ or ‘not cognitively impaired’ the cutoff point for cognitive impairment not described | Mean 77.3 (64–91) | Not described | Yes | 100% white | General internal medicine clinic |
Hesson and Pichler, 2016 (UK and US)36 | 72 | Outpatient consultations from the Verilogue corpus where physicians identified ‘dementia’ as one of the primary conditions being assessed during the visit | Mild cognitive impairment, moderate cognitive impairment, severe cognitive impairment | Although MMSE performed during consultation, scores were not extracted. Severity was assessed by the consulting physician as follows. mild cognitive impairment: 18 (25%), moderate cognitive impairment: 39 (54.2%), severe cognitive impairment: 15 (20.8%) | 55–74 years: 20 (27.8%), ≥75 years: 52 (72.2%) | 65.3% F | No | Not described | Ambulatory care clinics with neurologists or primary care physicians |
Jones et al, 2016 (UK)23 | 25 | Consecutive referrals to memory clinic October 2012 to October 2014 agreeing to participate in video recording. 25 videos recorded. Refusals not described | Neurodegenerative (ND), functional memory disorder (FMD) | Neurodegenerative: average ACE R score: 56/100 (range: 28–80), non-neurodegenerative (FMD): average ACE R: 93/100 (range: 85–99) | ND: Median 61, FMD: 60, overall range: 47–77 | 64% F | No | Not described | Neurology-led memory clinic |
Karnieli-Miller et al, 2012 (Israel)37 | 25 | Described as ‘convenience sampling’: 25 first-time assessments at diagnostic memory clinic recruited for participation. Refusals not described | Not described, but dementia diagnosis delivered in at least some participants | MMSE range 12–27 | All >65 | 68% F | Yes | Not described | Outpatient memory clinics: mix of psychiatry, geriatrician, and neurology led |
Larner, 2005 (UK)38 | 183 | All consecutive referrals over 2-year period (September 2002 to August 2004) | Dementia, MCI, not dementia | Range of cognitive scores not described. | Not described | Not described | Yes | Not described | Neurology-led memory clinic |
Larner, 2009 (UK)39 | Sep 2004 to Aug 2008: 552, Sep 2002 to Aug 2004: 183 | All consecutive patients seen by one neurologist over 4-year period. (September 2004 to August 2008) | Dementia, not dementia | Range of cognitive scores not described | Sep 2004 to Aug 2008: Mean 61.4 (range: 20–90), Sep 2002 to Aug 2004): Mean 59.2 (range: 25–82) | Sep 2004 to Aug 2008: 49% F, Sep 2002 to Aug 2004: 43% F | Yes | Not described | Neurology-led memory clinic |
Larner, 2012 (UK)40 | 207 | Over a 10-month period (January to October 2011), consecutive new referrals were observed for the presence of HTS | AD and mixed AD/cerebrovascular disease, amnestic MCI, frontotemporal lobar degenerations, dementia with Lewy bodies, subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia, and miscellaneous others. Depression and depression with cognitive impairment | 82/207 (39%) judged to have cognitive impairment. Cognitive scores not described | Median: 60 (18–91) | 53% F | Yes | Not described | Neurology-led memory clinic |
Larner, 2014 (UK)41 | 726 (years 2008–2011), 735 (years 2002–2008) | Consecutive new patient referrals to a cognitive clinic seen over a 3-year period (September 2008 to August 2011) | Dementia, MCI, ‘cognitively healthy’ | Range of cognitive scores not described | Median: 61 (16–92) | 47.2 F | Yes | Not described | Neurology-led memory clinic |
Rosseaux et al, 2010 (France)42 | 105 | Cases recruited from memory clinic: suffering from mild to moderately severe dementia using standard criteria for respective disease. Controls: recruited from community matched to patients in sex, age, and educational level. Refusals not described | Alzheimer’s dementia (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), controls (C) | MMSE: AD: MMSE: 22 (14–28) FTD: MMSE: 27 (14–30) DLB: MMSE: 24 (13–28) C: MMSE: 29 (25–30) | AD: 74 (50–79), FTD: 61 (51–78), DLB: 71 (57–78), C: 68 (50–79) | AD: 65% F, FTD: 52% F, DLB: 36% F, C: 47% F | No | Not described | Memory Clinic |
Saunders, 1998 (US)43 | 17 | Patients recruited from MDT memory clinic. Approach to sampling and refusals not described | Alzheimer’s disease: n= 7, vascular dementia: n = 2, alcohol-related dementia: n= 1, non-impaired: n= 1, mixed dementia: n= 1, other cognitive impairment (folate deficiency, endocrine): n= 4, undetermined dementia aetiology: n= 1 | Range of cognitive scores not described | 54–86 | 70% F | Yes | Not described | MDT memory and Alzheimer’s clinic |
Saunders, 1998 (US)44 | 17 | Patients recruited from MDT memory clinic. Approach to sampling and refusals not described | Alzheimer’s disease: n= 7, vascular dementia: n = 2, alcohol-related dementia: 1, non-impaired: n = 1, mixed dementia: n= 1, other cognitive impairment (folate deficiency, endocrine): n = 4, undetermined dementia aetiology: n= 1 | Range of cognitive scores not described | 54–86 | 70% F | Yes | Not described | MDT memory and Alzheimer’s clinic |
Saunders et al, 2011 (US)45 | 60 | Patients recruited through referral from neurology clinic and then later divided into cases or controls depending on presence of cognitive impairment. Sampling strategy and refusals not described | Cognitively impaired (CI): n= 31, not cognitively impaired: n= 29 | MMSE: CI group: 5–28 (mean: 18; SD: 6.6). Not routinely administered to non-CI group. | Mean: 73.1 (range: 63–92 years) | CI group: 58% F, non-CI: 48% F | Yes | CI: white, n= 24, black, n = 6, Asian, n = 0, Cuban American, n = 1, Non-CI: white: 22, black, n= 6, Asian, n= 1, Cuban American, n= 0 | Outpatient neurology clinic (tertiary referral centre) |