Berg,14 1997 | – Journal of daily asthma concerns including wheeze, cough, shortness of breath, and chest tightness | – | – (SEAMS)a | + Post-treatment inhaler use (observed) – (ASMAT) Ability to make good decisions in a variety of clinical scenarios, for example, severe asthma attack | – | – |
Coleman,15 2012 | + Pain: WOMAC at 8 weeks, not maintained at 6 months + SF-36 body pain maintained at 6 months + (TUG) Hamstring strength and range of motion test (small improvements) maintained at 6 months | – | – | – | + (WOMAC — physical functioning and total scores: SF-36 physical function, physical role, vitality, and social function) At 8 weeks, maintained at 6 months | – |
Elzen,16 2007 | – (RAND-36, physical component summary scale of the Dutch version) | – (RAND-36, mental component summary scale of the Dutch version) | – (GSES — Dutch version) | – Self-management behaviour using scales developed by Lorig for the CDSMP,29 frequency of exercise, cognitive symptom-management (coping with symptoms scale), and (quality of) communication with a physician (self-reported scale) | – | – |
Grady,25 2014 | – (SF-36 — physical functioning scores) | – | – | – | – (QLI) | – |
Henry,27 1997 | – | + (STAI) Anxiety and perceived stress (Hassles scale) – (BDI) Depression – Coping ability, frequency of hassles, and perceived coping ability (Hassles scale) | – | – | – | – |
Jonker,17 2015 | – | + (CES-D) Depression scores at 6 months – Positive affect (CES-D assessed separately using a specific subscale of the CES-D) | + (12-item version of the perceived self-efficacy scale) + (Abbreviated version of the Pearlin Mastery scale). People with less education (≤9 years) benefited more. Those with >9 years of education showed no significant effect | – | + (Dutch version of VOL-scale) At 6 weeks and 6 months | – |
Kendall,18 2007 | – | – | – (Lorig SES) | – | + (SSQoL – which includes domains measuring physical, psychological, and social wellbeing). At 9 months for family roles and fine motor tasks + A trend towards significance (P = 0.05) in relation to work productivity and self-care – Physical, psychological, and social domains of the SSQoL | – |
Leibing,22 1999 | – Disease activity + (VAS) Pain at 9 months’ follow-up + Affective pain score | + (STAI, DS, AHI) + Anxiety, depression, and helplessness + Coping (adapted BeCoMo), positive acceptance, and resignation | – | – | – | – |
Lindroth,19 1997 | + (VAS) Pain at 3 months, not maintained at 12 months | – (Single question) | – (Swedish version of the AHI) Perceived helplessness did not change + (Single question) Self-confidence at 3 and 12 months | + (Interview) Joint protection behaviours at 3 and 12 months and more home exercises at 3 months + (Single question) Capacity to ease pain at 3 and 12 months | + (Swedish version of the Stanford HAQ). Perceived disability at 3 months, not maintained at 12 months | + (Assessed on five key questions with yes or no answer options). At 3 and 12 months + Change in knowledge about inflammation and different arthritis treatments correlated positively with a reduction in helplessness. The intervention group reported fewer problems due to lack of knowledge about disease, diet, and physical therapy at 3 and 12 months |
Ruesch,28 2017 | – | + (Depression subscale of the German version of HADS) immediately post-intervention but not maintained – Global psychological distress (German version of the BSI — Global Severity Index calculated the means of all items) | – | – | + Health-related quality of life (German version of SF-12): on mental composite scores immediately post-intervention but not maintained at 2 months + On physical composite scores treatment group significantly improved post-treatment and at 2 month’s follow-up | – |
Rybarczyk,23 1999 | – (MSCL) In frequency of medical symptoms + (SF-MPQ and MSCL sleep, pain) | + (BAI, CES-D) Significant decrease in anxiety and depression symptoms + Those defined as having clinical levels of anxiety – Those defined as having clinical depression | + (MHLC) Belief that chance factors influence health – Internality, powerful others | – Health behaviours | – | – |
Scott,26 2004 | – (Advanced, household, and basic ADLs Functional outcomes: a composite measure derived from two established tools) | – | + (Scales drawn from Lorig29) Communicating with physicians – Managing their disease, doing chores, participating in social/recreational activities, and controlling/managing depression (scales drawn from Lorig29) | – | + (QOL score) 10-point self-reported quality-of-life scale at 24 months | – |
Smeulders,20 2010 | – | – (HADS) | + Psychosocial attributes (GSES — Dutch version: Cardiac Self-Efficacy Questionnaire). (Pearlin Mastery scale) Perceived control + (Coping With Symptoms Scale — Lorig) Cognitive symptom management not maintained at 6 and 12 months’ follow-up | + (EHFScBS) Self-care, short-term effect not maintained at 6 and 12 months | + (RAND-36, KCCQ, Perceived autonomy VAS and HADS) short-term effect not maintained at 6 months | – |
Zangi,24 2012 | + (Numerical Rating Scales) Fatigue post-treatment that improved at 12 months – Effects in pain and the patient global assessment of disease activity | + (GHQ-20, EAC) Psychological distress at 12 months in the intervention groupb + Emotional processing – Emotional expression | + (Pain and symptoms subscales from the Arthritis SES) Self-efficacy pain indicating better ability to manage pain despite the lack of significant improvement in symptoms – Self-efficacy – general, cardiac, symptom management | + (10-point NRS) Self-care ability and overall wellbeing maintained at 12 months | – | – |