Selected study populations |
Wolinsky et al (2010)19 | US, primary care | Aged >70 years | 5457 | Single retrospective cohort | 12 years | CoC up to 12 years with mortality | N | Single interview with documentary follow-up | No more than 8 months between visits to the same primary care practitioner | All-cause | Medicare files |
Worrall and Knight (2011)20 | Canada (Newfound land), family practice | Aged >65 years with diabetes | 350 | Single retrospective cohort | 3 years | 3-year CoC with 3-year mortality | N | Provincial administrative databases | UPC | All-cause | Mortality surveillance system |
Leleu and Minvielle (2013)21 | France, primary care | Salaried workers with ≥2 consultations, national sample | 325 742 | Single retrospective cohort | 3 years | 6-month CoC with 3-year mortality | N | National Health Insurance database records | COCI | All-cause | National Health Insurance database |
McAlister et al (2013)22 | Canada (Alberta), primary care | Aged >20 years with acute admission with first-time diagnosis of heart failure | 39 249 | Single retrospective cohort | 30 days | 14-day + 1-year CoC then 30-day mortality | N | Alberta Health Administration databases | Seen by familiar physician <14 days of discharge | All-cause | Alberta Health Care Insurance Plan Registry |
Bentler et al (2014)23 | US, primary care | Aged >65 years, Medicare patients | 1219 | Single cohort | 5 years | 1-year CoC with 5-year mortality | Y | Mailed questionnaire and record-based follow-up | Multiple measures | All cause | Medicare files |
Nelson et al (2014)24 | US, primary care | Veterans with ≥2 consultations | 4.3 million | Single retrospective cohort | 1 year | 1-year CoC then 1-year mortality | N | VHA records | UPC | All-cause | VHA files |
Shin et al (2014)25 | South Korea, primary care | Hypertension, diabetes, or hypercholesterolaemia | 47 433 | Single retrospective cohort | 5 years | 2-year CoC then 5-year mortality | N | Korean National Health Insurance enrolees | UPC | All-cause and CVD | National death registry |
Lustman et al (2016)26 | Israel, primary care | Aged 40–75 years, type 2 diabetes | 23 679 | Single retrospective cohort | 2 years | 1+1-year CoC with 1+1-year cmortality | N | HMO records database | UPC | All-cause | HMO records database |
Maarsingh et al (2016)27 | The Netherlands, general practice | Aged ≥60 years | 1712 | Single retrospective cohort | 17 years | 7–17-year CoC then 1–14-year mortality | N | Triennial home interviews | Herfindahl–Hirschman Index | All-cause | Linked municipal registers |
McAlister et al (2016)28 | Canada (Alberta), primary care | Aged >20 years, new diagnosis of heart failure made during an admission or ED attendance | 24 373 | Retrospective cohort | 6 months | 1-year + 1-month CoC then 6-month mortality | N | Alberta Health Administration databases | UPC | All-cause | Alberta Health Care Insurance Plan Registry |
Geroldinger et al (2018)31 | Austria, all medical disciplines and general practice | Aged ≥18 years with ≥2 diabetic medication records during index year | 51 717 | Single retrospective cohort | 3.7 years | 1-year CoC then mortality to study end | Y | Austrian social security database | Bice–Boxerman Continuity of Care Index | All-cause | Austrian social security database |
Entire primary care populations |
Levene et al (2012)29 | England, general practice | All patients | 51.5 million | Cross-sectional | n/a | 2-year CoC with 2-year mortality | N | NHS QOF and ONS data | Able to see preferred GP | All-cause, and CHD, cancer, stroke, COPD mortality | ONS |
Honeyford et al (2013)30 | England, general practice | All patients, East Midlands | 1.7 million | Cross-sectional | n/a | 1-year CoC with 2-year mortality | N | NHS QOF and ONS data | Able to see preferred GP | CHD mortality | Primary Care Mortality Database |