Demographic features and comorbid illness | | | |
|
Age, years (n = 640) | 0.98 | 0.95 to 1.00 | 0.035 |
|
Sex (n = 640) | | | |
Male | Ref | | |
Female | 1.17 | 0.77 to 1.78 | 0.472 |
|
Heart failure (n = 640) | 0.32 | 0.12 to 0.85 | 0.022 |
|
Chronic heart disease (n = 640) | 0.89 | 0.52 to 1.51 | 0.657 |
|
Diabetes (n = 640) | 1.43 | 0.81 to 2.50 | 0.215 |
|
Chronic kidney disease (n = 640) | 1.76 | 0.81 to 3.81 | 0.151 |
|
Hypertension (n = 640) | 1.02 | 0.66 to 1.56 | 0.934 |
|
Other chronic disease (n = 581) | 0.80 | 0.48 to 1.32 | 0.379 |
|
At least one comorbid illness (n = 625) | 0.85 | 0.53 to 1.34 | 0.479 |
|
Smoking status (n = 551) | | | |
Non-smoker | Ref | | |
Current smoker | 1.14 | 0.45 to 2.88 | 0.777 |
Ex-smoker | 1.08 | 0.45 to 2.59 | 0.867 |
|
COPD severity (n = 551) | | | |
GOLD stage 1 (mild) | Ref | | |
GOLD stage 2 (moderate) | 1.52 | 0.83 to 2.81 | 0.179 |
GOLD stage 3 (severe) | 1.62 | 0.81 to 3.27 | 0.176 |
GOLD stage 4 (very severe) | 1.15 | 0.43 to 3.10 | 0.782 |
|
Symptoms and signs | | | |
|
Days with symptoms (per day) (n = 640) | 0.98 | 0.94 to 1.02 | 0.235 |
|
Increased breathlessness (n = 640) | 1.72 | 0.86 to 3.41 | 0.124 |
|
Increased sputum volume (n = 640) | 1.40 | 0.85 to 2.31 | 0.181 |
|
Sputum colour (n = 568) | | | |
1 (lightest) | Ref | | |
2 | 0.79 | 0.40 to 1.54 | 0.485 |
3 | 1.38 | 0.69 to 2.76 | 0.358 |
4 | 0.82 | 0.40 to 1.68 | 0.587 |
5 (darkest) | 2.37 | 0.80 to 6.98 | 0.119 |
|
Crackles (n = 640) | 5.22 | 3.24 to 8.41 | <0.001 |
|
Wheeze (n = 640) | 1.64 | 1.07 to 2.52 | 0.022 |
|
Diminished vesicular breathing (n = 638) | 2.95 | 1.70 to 5.10 | <0.001 |
|
Clinician-reported evidence of consolidation (n = 638) | 34.40 | 2.84 to 417.27 | 0.005 |
|
Patient cannot complete a full sentence without stopping (n = 581) | 1.30 | 0.46 to 3.66 | 0.623 |
|
Patient is tachypnoeic (n = 581) | 1.30 | 0.70 to 2.43 | 0.405 |
|
Temperature (n = 639) | 1.33 | 0.87 to 2.04 | 0.186 |
|
Pulse rate (n = 639) | 1.01 | 0.99 to 1.03 | 0.250 |
|
Oxygen saturation (n = 637) | 0.96 | 0.89 to 1.05 | 0.397 |
|
Patient has been prescribed antibiotics in the past 12 months (n = 597) | 0.95 | 0.60 to 1.49 | 0.809 |