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Clinical coding of long COVID in English primary care: a federated analysis of 58 million patient records in situ using OpenSAFELY

Alex J Walker, Brian MacKenna, Peter Inglesby, Laurie Tomlinson, Christopher T Rentsch, Helen J Curtis, Caroline E Morton, Jessica Morley, Amir Mehrkar, Seb Bacon, George Hickman, Chris Bates, Richard Croker, David Evans, Tom Ward, Jonathan Cockburn, Simon Davy, Krishnan Bhaskaran, Anna Schultze, Elizabeth J Williamson, William J Hulme, Helen I McDonald, Rohini Mathur, Rosalind M Eggo, Kevin Wing, Angel YS Wong, Harriet Forbes, John Tazare, John Parry, Frank Hester, Sam Harper, Shaun O’Hanlon, Alex Eavis, Richard Jarvis, Dima Avramov, Paul Griffiths, Aaron Fowles, Nasreen Parkes, Ian J Douglas, Stephen JW Evans, Liam Smeeth, Ben Goldacre and (The OpenSAFELY Collaborative)
British Journal of General Practice 2021; 71 (712): e806-e814. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/BJGP.2021.0301

Article Information

vol. 71 no. 712 e806-e814
DOI 
https://doi.org/10.3399/BJGP.2021.0301
PubMed 
34340970
Published By 
Royal College of General Practitioners
Print ISSN 
0960-1643
Online ISSN 
1478-5242
History 
  • Received May 7, 2021
  • Revision requested June 15, 2021
  • Accepted June 18, 2021
  • Published online October 28, 2021.

Article Versions

Copyright & Usage 
© The Authors http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This article is Open Access: CC BY 4.0 licence (http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/).

Author Information

  1. Alex J Walker, PhD, Epidemiologist
  1. The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford.
  1. Brian MacKenna, MPharm, Honorary clinical researcher
  1. The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford.
  1. Peter Inglesby, MPhil, Consultant engineer
  1. The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford.
  1. Laurie Tomlinson, PhD, Associate professor
  1. Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London.
  1. Christopher T Rentsch, PhD, Assistant professor in pharmacoepidemiology
  1. Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London.
  1. Helen J Curtis, DPhil, Postdoctoral researcher
  1. The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford.
  1. Caroline E Morton, MBChB, Epidemiologist
  1. The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford.
  1. Jessica Morley, MSc, Policy lead
  1. The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford.
  1. Amir Mehrkar, nMRCGP, Honorary clinical researcher
  1. The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford.
  1. Seb Bacon, BA, Chief technical officer
  1. The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford.
  1. George Hickman, BEng, Consultant programmer
  1. The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford.
  1. Chris Bates, PhD, Director of research and analytics
  1. TPP, Leeds.
  1. Richard Croker, MSc, Honorary research fellow
  1. The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford.
  1. David Evans, MPhil, Software developer
  1. The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford.
  1. Tom Ward, MMus, Consultant software developer
  1. The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford.
  1. Jonathan Cockburn, BSc, Developer
  1. TPP, Leeds.
  1. Simon Davy, PhD, Consultant programmer
  1. The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford.
  1. Krishnan Bhaskaran, PhD, Professor of statistical epidemiology
  1. Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London.
  1. Anna Schultze, PhD, Research fellow
  1. Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London.
  1. Elizabeth J Williamson, PhD, Biostatistician
  1. Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London.
  1. William J Hulme, PhD, Statistician
  1. The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford.
  1. Helen I McDonald, PhD, Clinical research fellow
  1. Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London.
  1. Rohini Mathur, PhD, Assistant professor in epidemiology
  1. Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London.
  1. Rosalind M Eggo, PhD, Associate professor
  1. Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London.
  1. Kevin Wing, PhD, Assistant professor in epidemiology
  1. Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London.
  1. Angel YS Wong, Research fellow
  1. Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London.
  1. Harriet Forbes, PhD, Research fellow
  1. Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London.
  1. John Tazare, MSc, Research fellow
  1. Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London.
  1. John Parry, MRCGP, Clinical director
  1. TPP, Leeds.
  1. Frank Hester, BSc, Chief executive officer
  1. TPP, Leeds.
  1. Sam Harper, MSci, Developer
  1. TPP, Leeds.
  1. Shaun O’Hanlon, MRCGP, Chief medical officer
  1. EMIS Health, Leeds.
  1. Alex Eavis, BSc, Director of analytics
  1. EMIS Health, Leeds.
  1. Richard Jarvis, MEng, Chief analytics officer
  1. EMIS Health, Leeds.
  1. Dima Avramov, MSc, Director of artificial intelligence
  1. EMIS Health, Leeds.
  1. Paul Griffiths, MSc, Principal test engineer
  1. EMIS Health, Leeds.
  1. Aaron Fowles, BSc, Senior data engineer
  1. EMIS Health, Leeds.
  1. Nasreen Parkes, BSc, Product owner
  1. EMIS Health, Leeds.
  1. Ian J Douglas, PhD, Professor
  1. Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London.
  1. Stephen JW Evans, MSc, Professor of pharmacoepidemiology
  1. Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London.
  1. Liam Smeeth, PhD, Professor of clinical epidemiology
  1. Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London.
  1. Ben Goldacre, MRCPsych, Director
  1. The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford.
  1. (The OpenSAFELY Collaborative)
  1. Address for correspondence
    Ben Goldacre, The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK. Email: ben.goldacre{at}phc.ox.ac.uk
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British Journal of General Practice: 71 (712)
British Journal of General Practice
Vol. 71, Issue 712
November 2021
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Clinical coding of long COVID in English primary care: a federated analysis of 58 million patient records in situ using OpenSAFELY
Alex J Walker, Brian MacKenna, Peter Inglesby, Laurie Tomlinson, Christopher T Rentsch, Helen J Curtis, Caroline E Morton, Jessica Morley, Amir Mehrkar, Seb Bacon, George Hickman, Chris Bates, Richard Croker, David Evans, Tom Ward, Jonathan Cockburn, Simon Davy, Krishnan Bhaskaran, Anna Schultze, Elizabeth J Williamson, William J Hulme, Helen I McDonald, Rohini Mathur, Rosalind M Eggo, Kevin Wing, Angel YS Wong, Harriet Forbes, John Tazare, John Parry, Frank Hester, Sam Harper, Shaun O’Hanlon, Alex Eavis, Richard Jarvis, Dima Avramov, Paul Griffiths, Aaron Fowles, Nasreen Parkes, Ian J Douglas, Stephen JW Evans, Liam Smeeth, Ben Goldacre, (The OpenSAFELY Collaborative)
British Journal of General Practice 2021; 71 (712): e806-e814. DOI: 10.3399/BJGP.2021.0301
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British Journal of General Practice