Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
A flow chart for study participants in the routine screening population and colposcopy population.
aThe two women with borderline cytology were HPV negative and are, therefore, not included in the colposcopy population; the third woman had inadequate cytology. CIN = cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. HPV = human papillomavirus.
Tables
How this fits in
Speculum use is a significant barrier to cervical screening and can become particularly uncomfortable after the menopause. Self-sampling is an obvious solution but does not appeal to all women. Having a doctor or nurse take a sample without a speculum is another possibility, but test performance has not yet been examined. HPV testing on non-speculum clinician-taken samples was found to have comparable test performance with self-sampling, representing a promising new approach to cervical screening. - Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the routine-screening population and colposcopy population participants
Characteristic n % Routine-screening population Age, years 50–54 55 26.8 55–59 81 39.5 60–64 69 33.7 Menopausal statusa Pre-menopausal 5 2.7 Peri-menopausal 9 4.9 Post-menopausal 150 82.4 Not reported/unknown 18 9.9 Colposcopy population Age, years 35–49 13 15.7 50–54 33 39.8 55–59 22 26.5 60–70 15 18.1 Reason for referral population study eligibility Confirmed CIN2+ on biopsy 15 18.1 Moderate dyskaryosis on cytology 9 10.8 Severe dyskaryosis on cytology 4 4.8 HPV triageb 55 66.3 Age of women with CIN2+, years 35–49 5 27.8 50–54 6 33.3 55–59 3 16.7 60–70 4 22.2 - Table 2.
Paired speculum and non-speculum sample results among women with CIN2+ on biopsy or excision
Speculum sample Non-speculum sample HPV positive, n (%) HPV negative, n (%) Total, n (%) HPV positive 11 (91.7) 0 (0.0) 11 (91.7) HPV negative 0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) 1 (8.3) Total 11 (91.7) 1 (8.3) 12 (100.0) CIN = cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. HPV = human papillomavirus.
- Table 3.
Paired speculum and non-speculum sample results among women with negative cytology, who had speculum and non-speculum samples collected on the same day
Speculum sample Non-speculum sample HPV positive, n (%) HPV negative, n (%) Total, n (%) HPV positive 10 (4.9) 0 (0.0) 10 (4.9) HPV negative 7 (3.4) 187 (91.7) 194 (95.1) Total 17 (8.3) 187 (91.7) 204 (100.0) HPV = human papillomavirus.
- Table 4.
Paired speculum and non-speculum sample results among women with <CIN2 on biopsy or excision, or who attended colposcopy and no biopsy was taken
Speculum sample Non-speculum sample HPV positive, n (%) HPV negative, n (%) Total, n (%) HPV positive 41 (82.0) 4 (8.0) 45 (90.0) HPV negative 0 (0.0) 5 (10.0) 5 (10.0) Total 41 (82.0) 9 (18.0) 50 (100) CIN = cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. HPV = human papillomavirus.
- Table 5.
Questionnaire responses from routine-screening participants (n = 182) who had both speculum and non-speculum samples collected
Experience Non-speculum sample, n (%)a Conventional sample, n (%)a Pearson’s χ2 test, P-value Overall experience of test Excellent/good 164 (90.1) 132 (73.3) <0.001 Fair/poor 18 (9.9) 48 (26.7) Missing 0 2 Discomfort None 115 (63.5) 42 (23.1) <0.001 Mild/quite a lot/severe 66 (36.5) 140 (76.9) Missing 1 0 Embarrassment Not at all 128 (70.7) 121 (66.5) 0.45 Mildly/fairly/very 53 (29.3) 61 (33.5) Missing 1 0 Preferences Test preference Non-speculum 133 (77.8) Conventional speculum 14 (8.2) No preference 24 (14.0) Missing 11 Future preference Non-speculum 120 (70.6) Conventional speculum 17 (10.0) No preference 33 (19.4) Missing 12 ↵a Reported as the percentage of responders to that question.
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