Skip to main content

Main menu

  • HOME
  • ONLINE FIRST
  • CURRENT ISSUE
  • ALL ISSUES
  • AUTHORS & REVIEWERS
  • SUBSCRIBE
  • BJGP LIFE
  • MORE
    • About BJGP
    • Conference
    • Advertising
    • eLetters
    • Alerts
    • Video
    • Audio
    • Librarian information
    • Resilience
    • COVID-19 Clinical Solutions
  • RCGP
    • BJGP for RCGP members
    • BJGP Open
    • RCGP eLearning
    • InnovAIT Journal
    • Jobs and careers

User menu

  • Subscriptions
  • Alerts
  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
British Journal of General Practice
Intended for Healthcare Professionals
  • RCGP
    • BJGP for RCGP members
    • BJGP Open
    • RCGP eLearning
    • InnovAIT Journal
    • Jobs and careers
  • Subscriptions
  • Alerts
  • Log in
  • Follow bjgp on Twitter
  • Visit bjgp on Facebook
  • Blog
  • Listen to BJGP podcast
  • Subscribe BJGP on YouTube
Intended for Healthcare Professionals
British Journal of General Practice

Advanced Search

  • HOME
  • ONLINE FIRST
  • CURRENT ISSUE
  • ALL ISSUES
  • AUTHORS & REVIEWERS
  • SUBSCRIBE
  • BJGP LIFE
  • MORE
    • About BJGP
    • Conference
    • Advertising
    • eLetters
    • Alerts
    • Video
    • Audio
    • Librarian information
    • Resilience
    • COVID-19 Clinical Solutions
Research

Reducing short-acting beta-agonist overprescribing in asthma: lessons from a quality-improvement prescribing project in East London

Anna De Simoni, Hajar Hajmohammadi, Paul Pfeffer, Jim Cole, Chris Griffiths and Sally A Hull
British Journal of General Practice 2022; 72 (722): e619-e626. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/BJGP.2021.0725
Anna De Simoni
Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London.
PhD, MBBS
Roles: Clinical lecturer in digital health
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Hajar Hajmohammadi
Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London.
MSc, PhD
Roles: Senior data analyst
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Paul Pfeffer
Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Barts Health NHS Trust, London.
BA, PhD, MBBS
Roles: Consultant respiratory physician with specialist interest in asthma
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Jim Cole
Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London.
BMedSci, MRCGP, DCH
Roles: Quality improvement fellow
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Chris Griffiths
Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London.
MBBS, DPhil
Roles: Professor of primary care research
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Sally A Hull
Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London.
MRCP, FRCGP, MSc
Roles: Honorary clinical reader
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info
  • eLetters
  • PDF
Loading

Abstract

Background Excess prescription and use of short-acting beta-agonist (SABA) inhalers is associated with poor asthma control and increased risk of hospital admission.

Aim To quantify the prevalence and identify the predictors of SABA overprescribing.

Design and setting A cross-sectional study using anonymised clinical and prescribing data from the primary care records in three contiguous East London boroughs.

Method Primary care medical record data for patients aged 5–80 years, with ‘active’ asthma were extracted in February 2020. Explanatory variables included demography, asthma management, comorbidities, and prescriptions for asthma medications.

Results In the study population of 30 694 people with asthma, >25% (1995/7980), were prescribed ≥6 SABA inhalers in the previous year. A 10-fold variation between practices (<6% to 60%) was observed in the proportion of patients on ≥6 SABA inhalers/year. By converting both SABAs and inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) to standard units the accuracy of comparisons was improved across different preparations. In total, >25% of those taking ≥6 SABAs/year were underusing ICSs, this rose to >80% (18 170/22 713), for those prescribed <6 SABAs/year. Prescription modality was a strong predictor of SABA overprescribing, with repeat dispensing strongly linked to SABA overprescribing (odds ratio 6.52, 95% confidence interval = 4.64 to 9.41). Increasing severity of asthma and multimorbidity were also independent predictors of SABA overprescribing.

Conclusion In this multi-ethnic population a fifth of practices demonstrate an overprescribing rate of <20% a year. Based on previous data, supporting practices to enable the SABA ≥12 group to reduce to 4–12 a year could potentially save up to 70% of asthma admissions a year within that group.

  • asthma
  • electronic prescribing
  • primary health care

INTRODUCTION

Frequent use of short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs) is a recognised marker of poor control1 and a potentially modifiable warning sign of impending serious asthma attacks2–6 and asthma death.7–11 Asthma control is defined as the extent to which the manifestations of asthma, commonly wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness, cough, and variable expiratory airflow limitation, can be observed in a patient on their current treatment.12–14 Control can be assessed by current symptoms and is indicative of future adverse outcomes.1,12 In East London, admission to hospital for acute asthma is 14% above the average for London, with hospital admissions rising from 1.3 to 7.5 per 100 asthma population as the number of SABA inhalers prescribed rises from 1–3 to >12 a year.15

In addition to the individual patient harm associated with excess prescription of SABAs, pressurised metered-dose inhalers are a major contributor to healthcare-associated carbon footprint, and thereby global warming.16 Hence, reducing SABA overprescribing is important both for individuals and for global health.

The dangers of SABA overprescribing have been highlighted in national (British Thoracic Society [BTS]5 and National Review of Asthma Deaths) and international12 (Global Initiative for Asthma [GINA]) guidance for many years. However, SABA overprescribing remains common across healthcare systems as highlighted in the recent SABINA studies.6 Notably, SABA overprescribing is more common in the UK than other European countries. Recent data show that SABA overprescribing (defined as collection of >2 SABA canisters/year) is associated with a dose-dependent increased risk of all-cause mortality and increased use of antidepressants, hypnotics, and sedatives, suggesting that those overprescribed SABA are a frailer patient group.17 Another recent study found that SABA overprescribing (≥3 prescribed inhalers/year) was prevalent across all GINA steps, which may indicate suboptimal asthma control,18 and concludes that further studies need to investigate the reasons behind SABA overprescribing, as well as effective interventions to reduce it.

Electronic alerts can reduce excessive prescribing of SABAs when delivered as part of a multicomponent intervention.19 In 2015, Asthma UK in conjunction with EMIS Web released a prescribing alert to highlight patients prescribed excessive SABAs. This activates if there are three prescriptions for SABA within a 3-month period. However, this assumes that only one device is issued per prescription and may underestimate SABA overprescribing over the longer term.

This current study forms the initial phase of a quality-improvement programme to reduce SABA overprescribing in East London. In this first step the aim is to:

  • describe baseline data on SABA overprescribing in East London;

  • standardise the calculation of prescription rates for SABA and inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) inhalers across formulations, taking into account the number of items on prescriptions;

  • examine prescription modality as a previously underappreciated factor in SABA overprescribing.

Excess prescription and use of short-acting beta-agonist (SABA) inhalers is associated with poor asthma control and increasing risk of hospital admission. This study found SABA overprescribing in >25% of the asthma population in East London, with a 10-fold variation in overprescribing rates among practices and a strong association with repeat dispensing (whereby prescriptions are issued automatically). Providing practices with tools to support the identification and management of high-risk patients based on prescribing records is warranted.

How this fits in

METHOD

Design and setting

This was a cross-sectional study using primary care electronic health data from 734 382 patients registered at all 117 practices in the East London boroughs of Newham, Tower Hamlets and Waltham Forest.

In the 2011 UK census, 55% of the population in these boroughs were recorded as being of minority multi-ethnicities,20 and the English indices of deprivation 2015 show that these localities fall into the top decile of the most socially deprived boroughs in England.21 The study population included patients aged 5–80 years registered at the practice for ≥1 year before data extraction in February 2020. All participants had a coded diagnosis of asthma and ≥1 prescription for inhaled asthma medication in the previous year.

Data collection

Data were extracted on secure N3 terminals from EMIS Web. All data were anonymous and managed according to UK NHS information governance requirements. Demographic variables included age, sex, and self-reported ethnicity captured at registration with the practice or during routine consultations. Ethnic categories were based on the 18 categories of the UK 2011 census and were combined into four groups reflecting the study population.

Clinical measures included the latest value for smoking status, body mass index, and BTS asthma management step. To assess the burden of long-term conditions in the study population diagnostic data were extracted on 16 conditions that form part of the UK Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF),22 using the earliest recorded diagnostic code before the start of the study, based on version 44 of the QOF business rule set. SNOMED codes (www.snomed.org) for chronic rhinitis and generalised anxiety were added to this. Prescribing data included all inhaled asthma medications and discrete courses of oral steroids in the previous year. All SABA inhalers were standardised to salbutamol 100 µg/dose (200-dose inhaler), and all inhaled steroid preparations were standardised using a method presented in Supplementary Information S1 and Supplementary Table S1.

Prescribing modalities included acute (provided by clinicians in response to an acute episode of illness) and automatic (automatic prescriptions are used for patients who will require medication without fail each month, for example, nursing home residents), repeat prescribing (regular long-term medications), and repeat dispensing (issued by a pharmacist from pre-authorised prescriptions for up to a year).

Statistical analysis

The primary outcome measure was the proportion of asthma patients prescribed ≥6 standard SABA 100 µg/dose (200-dose salbutamol inhaler) equivalent inhalers in the previous 12 months.

All statistical analysis was undertaken in R (version 4.0.2). Both univariate and multivariate models were fitted. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore different groupings of comorbidities.

RESULTS

Among the GP-registered population of 734 382, there were 30 694 people with asthma who fitted the study criteria (see Supplementary Figure S1). The characteristics of the study population are shown in Table 1, with the univariate odds for SABA overprescribing (≥6 SABA a year).

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
Table 1.

Characteristics of the asthma study population

Older adults had higher risks of SABA overprescribing, as did those with increasing numbers of physical and mental comorbidities. Prescription modality — in particular repeat dispensing — was also strongly associated with the risk of SABA overprescribing. In keeping with more severe disease, there was a significant association between higher asthma management step and increased SABA prescriptions. Furthermore, consistent with airways inflammation as a risk factor for uncontrolled asthma, there was a significant association between eosinophilia (eosinophil count ≥0.3) and SABA overprescribing.

Children were found to have the lowest risk of SABA overprescribing; hence subsequent analyses have been undertaken in the adult population only.

Analysis by GP practice (see Figure 1) shows a 10-fold variation between practices in the percentage of asthma patients prescribed ≥6 SABA in the previous 12 months (range <6% to 60%). This variability was distributed uniformly across practices of all sizes. About one-fifth of practices had an overprescribing rate of <20% (23/117).

Figure 1.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Figure 1.

Funnel plot illustrating practice variation in the proportion of patients with asthma prescribed ≥6 SABA inhalers in the previous 12 months (y-axis). Data from 117 practices in East London, February 2020. Green dots represent practices and colours are used according to traffic light system: in red practices with the highest percentage of patients overprescribed SABA. The y-axis is the % of asthma patients prescribed ≥6 SABA. The x-axis shows the size of the asthma population in the practice (larger dots represent practices with a larger asthma population). SABA = short-acting beta-agonist.

To identify factors associated with SABA overprescribing among adults a multivariate model was used (Table 2). Severity of asthma, as measured by asthma step and by number of oral steroid prescriptions, were both major independent predictors of SABA overprescribing.

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
Table 2.

Logistic regression model showing the predictors of SABA overprescribing (≥6 SABA in the previous 12 months) for adults with asthma

The multivariate analysis confirmed that older adults (odds ratio [OR] 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24 to 1.45), smoking, and increasing number of both physical and mental comorbidities were independent predictors of SABA overprescribing.

This study has also confirmed that prescribing modality and in particular repeat dispensing (where repeat medications are managed by community pharmacists) was strongly associated with excess SABA use. Repeat dispensing compared with repeat prescribing had an OR of 6.52 (95% CI = 4.64 to 9.41). Although patients on repeat dispensing only represent about 1% of the population with asthma (243/23 893 in Table 2), 84% of them (204/243) were prescribed ≥6 SABA/year.

Previous studies have suggested that overprescribing of SABAs is associated with underprescribing of ICSs. Using the more precise measures of the medication prescription refill (MPR) % for preventer ICS/ICS-LABA (long-acting beta 2-agonists) inhalers, which compares prescribed ICS against standard expected use, in the current study it was possible to categorise ICS use for each patient for the previous 12 months as: MPR underprescribing (<50%); MPR expected use (≥50% to 120%) and MPR overprescribing (>120%) (see Table 3, Supplementary Information S1, and Supplementary Table S1 for further details).

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
Table 3.

ICS categorisation based on MPR percentage

MPR use across the range of SABA prescribing in the previous year was examined. Figure 2 shows the fall in higher-than-expected ICS use (labelled ‘MPR overprescribing’) in parallel with the fall in number of SABA inhalers issued. It also shows that among patients prescribed between 6 and 11 SABA inhalers/year (likely a population with less controlled asthma) over a quarter of patients were issued fewer ICS prescriptions than expected (‘MPR underprescribing’). More than 80% (18 170/22 713), were underprescribed ICSs in the group of patients with SABA prescriptions <6 a year (likely a population with milder, better controlled asthma). Patients prescribed between 6 and 11 SABA inhalers a year and underprescribed MPR are a target group to focus on to reduce SABA overprescribing. Some may have significant asthma but inadequate preventive treatment that if improved will reduce their SABA prescriptions, others may need a review of their asthma diagnosis.

Figure 2.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Figure 2.

MPR rate for ICS for the different categories of SABA prescribing (SABAs ≥12, 6≤ SABA <12, and SABA <6) among adult patients prescribed ICS in the previous year. See details of MPR calculation in Supplementary Information S1. ICS = inhaled corticosteroid. MPR = medication prescription refill. SABA = short-acting beta-agonist.

To calculate how many hospital admissions could be avoided by improving asthma management and hence reducing SABA overprescribing, the results of a previous publication15 based in the same population were used. In the current study, the hospital admission rate for SABAs ≥12 was 7.5% a year. As an estimate, by enabling a reduction of SABA prescribing for this group to between 4 and 12 SABAs (associated with a hospital admission rate of 2.3% a year), there is potential to avoid up to 70% of hospital admissions in this group.

DISCUSSION

Summary

Rates of SABA overprescribing remain high in this multi-ethnic, deprived urban population, with significant variation among practices. About one-fifth of practices achieved a SABA overprescribing rate of <20% (23/117).

By converting both SABAs and ICSs to standard units in this study it was possible to make more accurate comparisons across prescribed medications. Among adult patients prescribed between 6 and 12 SABA inhalers/year (representing a population with less controlled asthma) over a quarter of patients were issued less ICS prescriptions than expected. Working with these patients to improve regular preventer use should be an early target to reduce SABA overprescribing by improving their asthma control and reducing breakthrough asthma symptoms for which they may take reliever medication.23

Logistic regression analysis shows that alongside markers of asthma severity, multimorbidity and the type of prescription are important independent predictors of SABA overprescribing.

Strengths and limitations

The study results are based on patients with asthma from a population of almost one million GP-registered patients in East London using prescribing data for a full year before data extraction. Results from this study will be generalisable to other multi-ethnic inner urban populations in the UK. With >93% ethnicity recording, it was possible to explore the contribution of ethnicity and deprivation alongside other established risk factors for SABA prescribing.

The asthma population in this study is based on diagnostic codes and asthma medication prescribed in the previous year, however, asthma overdiagnosis is known to occur in primary care24 hence some patients may have alternative diagnoses. The study measures prescriptions issued rather than medication taken. Receiving a prescription does not necessarily mean that the prescription was filled and used, and it is possible that ‘stock piling’ inhalers may inflate estimates of SABA overprescribing. It will also contribute to medication waste. The MPR calculations, comparing prescribed medication against standard expected use, are based on typical regimens for specific inhalers (See Supplementary Table S1), not the actual prescribed dosing frequency for individuals.

Comparison with existing literature

The results of the current study show that rates of SABA overprescribing are consistent with those reported in a recent Swedish study17 with patients aged 12–45 years and a German study of >12-year-olds,18 which found that about a third of patients with asthma are prescribed >3 SABAs/year. In common with the current study they developed a standard measure for ICSs (low, medium, and high dose), using budesonide equivalent doses.17 Consistent with the current findings, the proportion of patients with SABA overprescribing was higher in patients at GINA steps 3–5 compared with those at GINA step 1 or 2, a sign of poor asthma control in patients with severe asthma.17 This poor control was observed despite patients receiving ICSs/LABA. Indeed, at GINA steps 3–5, the risk of SABA overprescribing was highest in patients using ICSs/LABA. A recent multinational qualitative study25 aimed at identifying drivers of patients’ reliance on SABAs in asthma revealed that patients can have a strong emotional attachment to SABA relievers, driven by their efficacy and success in quickly alleviating symptoms. Moreover, some patients typically do not understand that the frequent use of SABAs indicates poor asthma control, whereas others have a misperception of ICSs, which could lead to a delay in escalation and poor adherence. Experiencing severe exacerbations can improve adherence to ICSs, but only temporarily in many cases.

Further, some adolescents and young adults who are high users of SABAs adapt poorly to having asthma and have poor asthma control: overprescribing of SABAs is a convenient way to enable them to live their lives.26

Implications for practice

The wide variation in SABA overprescribing rates between practices in the same localities suggest there is potential to reduce overprescribing rates in higher-prescribing practices. Sharing data on comparative prescribing rates between practices encourages reflection and the development of shared strategies for the reduction of overprescribing.27

Providing practices with software tools to identify patients with asthma at high risk of hospital admission based on prescribing records is warranted. Such tools should be integrated with the software used by primary care teams, and enable the automatic flagging of patients overprescribed SABAs. Engaging practice teams to deliver systematic, structured asthma reviews is key to the optimisation of asthma management and prescribing.

Tackling SABA overreliance aligns with both the drive to improve asthma control and the drive to reduce the environmental impact of asthma care. This context offers an opportunity to significantly reduce the carbon footprint of the NHS.

The current study results highlight the importance of general practice teams working effectively with pharmacists to ensure a shared understanding on access to SABA medications. In some cases this may require removing SABA medications from repeat dispensing.

Improving asthma management, by adequate preventer treatment, education, and regular support can translate into a reduction in acute hospital admissions. If all practices were enabled to support patients prescribed >12 SABAs a year to reduce to 4–12 a year there is potential to reduce up to 70% of asthma admissions a year for this group.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the participating GPs for their cooperation without which such studies would be impossible. The authors wish to thank staff at the Clinical Effectiveness Group (CEG) for supporting practices with guidance and data-entry tools that support this project.

Notes

Funding

The project was funded by Barts Charity reference MGU0419. REAL-Health: REsearch Actionable Learning Health Systems Asthma programme.

Ethical Approval

Ethical approval was not required for this study as patient-level data are anonymised, and only aggregated patient data are reported in this study. All GPs in the participating East London practices consented to the use of their anonymised patient data for research and development for patient benefit.

Data

All data relevant to the study are included in the article.

Provenance

Freely submitted; externally peer reviewed.

Competing interests

The authors have declared no competing interests.

Discuss this article

Contribute and read comments about this article: bjgp.org/letters

  • Received December 29, 2021.
  • Revision requested February 8, 2022.
  • Accepted March 25, 2022.
  • © The Authors
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

This article is Open Access: CC BY 4.0 licence (http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/).

REFERENCES

  1. 1.↵
    1. Global Initiative for Asthma
    (2017) Global strategy for asthma management and prevention, http://www.ginasthma.org (accessed 22 June 2022).
  2. 2.↵
    1. Schatz M,
    2. Nakahiro R,
    3. Crawford W,
    4. et al.
    (2005) Asthma quality-of-care markers using administrative data. Chest 128, 1968–1973.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  3. 3.
    1. Paris J,
    2. Peterson EL,
    3. Wells K,
    4. et al.
    (2008) Relationship between recent short-acting beta-agonist use and subsequent asthma exacerbations. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 101, 482–487.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  4. 4.
    1. Patel M,
    2. Pilcher J,
    3. Reddel HK,
    4. et al.
    (2013) Metrics of salbutamol use as predictors of future adverse outcomes in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 43, 1144–1151.
    OpenUrl
  5. 5.↵
    1. British Thoracic Society and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network
    (2016) British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline.
  6. 6.↵
    1. Janson C,
    2. Menzies-Gow A,
    3. Nan C,
    4. et al.
    (2020) SABINA: an Overview of short-acting β2-agonist use in asthma in European countries. Adv Ther 37, 3, 1124–1135.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  7. 7.↵
    1. Spitzer WO,
    2. Suissa S,
    3. Ernst P,
    4. et al.
    (1992) The use of beta-agonists and the risk of death and near death from asthma. N Engl J Med 326, 501–506.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  8. 8.
    1. Suissa S,
    2. Ernst P,
    3. Boivin JF,
    4. et al.
    (1994) A cohort analysis of excess mortality in asthma and the use of inhaled beta-agonists. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149, 604–610.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  9. 9.
    1. Suissa S,
    2. Blais L,
    3. Ernst P
    (1994) Patterns of increasing beta-agonist use and the risk of fatal or near-fatal asthma. Eur Respir J 7, 1602–1609.
    OpenUrlAbstract
  10. 10.
    1. Anderson HR,
    2. Ayres JG,
    3. Sturdy PM,
    4. et al.
    (2005) Bronchodilator treatment and deaths from asthma: case-control study. BMJ 330, 117.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  11. 11.↵
    1. Lanes SF,
    2. Garcia Rodriguez LA,
    3. Huerta C
    (2002) Respiratory medications and risk of asthma death. Thorax 57, 683–686.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  12. 12.↵
    1. Bateman ED,
    2. Hurd SS,
    3. Barnes PJ,
    4. et al.
    (2008) Global strategy for asthma management and prevention: GINA executive summary. Eur Respir J 31, 143–178.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  13. 13.
    1. Reddel HK,
    2. Taylor DR,
    3. Bateman ED,
    4. et al.
    (2009) An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: asthma control and exacerbations: standardizing endpoints for clinical asthma trials and clinical practice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 180, 59–99.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  14. 14.↵
    1. Taylor DR,
    2. Bateman ED,
    3. Boulet LP,
    4. et al.
    (2008) A new perspective on concepts of asthma severity and control. Eur Respir J 32, 545–554.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  15. 15.↵
    1. Hull SA,
    2. McKibben S,
    3. Homer K,
    4. et al.
    (2016) Asthma prescribing, ethnicity and risk of hospital admission: an analysis of 35,864 linked primary and secondary care records in East London. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med 26, 16049.
    OpenUrl
  16. 16.↵
    1. Wilkinson A,
    2. Woodcock A
    (2021) The environmental impact of inhalers for asthma; a green challenge and a golden opportunity. Br J Clin Pharmacol 88, 7, 3016–3022.
    OpenUrl
  17. 17.↵
    1. Nwaru BI,
    2. Ekström M,
    3. Hasvold P,
    4. et al.
    (2020) Overuse of short-acting β2-agonists in asthma is associated with increased risk of exacerbation and mortality: a nationwide cohort study of the global SABINA programme. Eur Respir J 55, 4, 1901872.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  18. 18.↵
    1. Worth H,
    2. Criée CP,
    3. Vogelmeier CF,
    4. et al.
    (2021) Prevalence of overuse of short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA) and associated factors among patients with asthma in Germany. Respir Res 22, 108.
    OpenUrl
  19. 19.↵
    1. McKibben S,
    2. De Simoni A,
    3. Bush A,
    4. et al.
    (2018) The use of electronic alerts in primary care computer systems to identify the excessive prescription of short-acting beta2-agonists for people with asthma: a systematic review. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med 28, 1, 14.
    OpenUrl
  20. 20.↵
    1. Office of National Statistics
    (2011) 2011 census, https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011census (accessed 23 June 2022).
  21. 21.↵
    1. National Statistics
    (2015) English indices of deprivation, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/english-indices-of-deprivation-2015 (accessed 23 June 2022).
  22. 22.↵
    1. NHS Digital
    (2020) Quality and outcomes framework, 21, https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/quality-and-outcomes-framework-achievement-prevalence-and-exceptions-data/2020-21 (accessed 23 June 2022).
  23. 23.↵
    1. van Boven JF,
    2. Ryan D,
    3. Eakin MN,
    4. et al.
    (2016) Enhancing respiratory medication adherence: the role of health care professionals and cost-effectiveness considerations. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 4, 5, 835–846.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  24. 24.↵
    1. Aaron SD,
    2. Vandemheen KL,
    3. FitzGerald JM,
    4. et al.
    (2017) Reevaluation of diagnosis in adults with physician-diagnosed asthma. JAMA 317, 3, 269–279.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  25. 25.↵
    1. Blakeston S,
    2. Harper G,
    3. Zabala Mancebo J
    (2021) Identifying the drivers of patients’ reliance on short-acting β2-agonists in asthma. J Asthma 58, 8, 1094–1101.
    OpenUrl
  26. 26.↵
    1. Cole S,
    2. Seale C,
    3. Griffiths C
    (2013) The blue one takes a battering’ why do young adults with asthma overuse bronchodilator inhalers? A qualitative study. BMJ Open 3, e002247.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  27. 27.↵
    1. Thomas N,
    2. Rajabzadeh V,
    3. Hull S
    (2019) Using chronic kidney disease trigger tools for safety and learning: a qualitative evaluation in East London primary care. Br J Gen Pract, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp19X705497.
Back to top
Previous ArticleNext Article

In this issue

British Journal of General Practice: 72 (722)
British Journal of General Practice
Vol. 72, Issue 722
September 2022
  • Table of Contents
  • Index by author
Download PDF
Download PowerPoint
Email Article

Thank you for recommending British Journal of General Practice.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person to whom you are recommending the page knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Reducing short-acting beta-agonist overprescribing in asthma: lessons from a quality-improvement prescribing project in East London
(Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from British Journal of General Practice
(Your Name) thought you would like to see this page from British Journal of General Practice.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Citation Tools
Reducing short-acting beta-agonist overprescribing in asthma: lessons from a quality-improvement prescribing project in East London
Anna De Simoni, Hajar Hajmohammadi, Paul Pfeffer, Jim Cole, Chris Griffiths, Sally A Hull
British Journal of General Practice 2022; 72 (722): e619-e626. DOI: 10.3399/BJGP.2021.0725

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Reducing short-acting beta-agonist overprescribing in asthma: lessons from a quality-improvement prescribing project in East London
Anna De Simoni, Hajar Hajmohammadi, Paul Pfeffer, Jim Cole, Chris Griffiths, Sally A Hull
British Journal of General Practice 2022; 72 (722): e619-e626. DOI: 10.3399/BJGP.2021.0725
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
  • Mendeley logo Mendeley

Jump to section

  • Top
  • Article
    • Abstract
    • INTRODUCTION
    • METHOD
    • RESULTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • Acknowledgments
    • Notes
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • Info
  • eLetters
  • PDF

Keywords

  • asthma
  • electronic prescribing
  • primary health care

More in this TOC Section

  • Exploration of reasons for primary care testing (the Why Test study): a UK-wide audit using the Primary care Academic CollaboraTive
  • Uptake and adoption of the NHS App in England: an observational study
  • Impact of ACEIs and ARBs-related adverse drug reaction on patients’ clinical outcomes: a cohort study in UK primary care
Show more Research

Related Articles

Cited By...

Intended for Healthcare Professionals

BJGP Life

BJGP Open

 

Tweets by @BJGPjournal

 
 

British Journal of General Practice

NAVIGATE

  • Home
  • Current Issue
  • All Issues
  • Online First
  • Authors & reviewers

RCGP

  • BJGP for RCGP members
  • BJGP Open
  • RCGP eLearning
  • InnovAiT Journal
  • Jobs and careers

MY ACCOUNT

  • RCGP members' login
  • Subscriber login
  • Activate subscription
  • Terms and conditions

NEWS AND UPDATES

  • About BJGP
  • Alerts
  • RSS feeds
  • Facebook
  • Twitter

AUTHORS & REVIEWERS

  • Submit an article
  • Writing for BJGP: research
  • Writing for BJGP: other sections
  • BJGP editorial process & policies
  • BJGP ethical guidelines
  • Peer review for BJGP

CUSTOMER SERVICES

  • Advertising
  • Contact subscription agent
  • Copyright
  • Librarian information

CONTRIBUTE

  • BJGP Life
  • eLetters
  • Feedback

CONTACT US

BJGP Journal Office
RCGP
30 Euston Square
London NW1 2FB
Tel: +44 (0)20 3188 7400
Email: journal@rcgp.org.uk

British Journal of General Practice is an editorially-independent publication of the Royal College of General Practitioners
© 2023 British Journal of General Practice

Print ISSN: 0960-1643
Online ISSN: 1478-5242