Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Scoring system to predict frailty in older people using easy-to-use parameters.
- Figure 2.
AUC distribution in the internal validation of the scoring system (bootstrapping). AUC = area under the receive operating characteristic curve. SD = standard deviation.
- Figure 3.
Smooth calibration in the internal validation of the scoring system (bootstrapping).
Tables
How this fits in
Frailty is a common geriatric syndrome associated with a high risk of mortality. The two most common measurements for frailty are the Fried phenotype and the Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illnesses, and Loss of Weight scale, better known as the FRAIL scale. As these are difficult to use for screening in daily clinical practice (having too many people in the health centre would be a problem if these scales were used for screening), a scoring system using only clinical variables to predict frailty was developed. It was found to have high standards in terms of internal validation but must be validated externally. - Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics and adjusted odds ratios for predicting frailty in older people
Total sample, n (%)a With/at risk of frailty, n (%)a,b Adjusted ORc (95% CI) P-value Total 621 (100) 126 (20.3) Variable Male sex 256 (41.2) 34 (13.3) 0.43 (0.27 to 0.69) <0.001 Mean age, years 73.1 (SD 8.0) 77.4 (SD 7.9) 1.07 (1.04 to 1.10) <0.001 Atrial fibrillation 61 (9.8) 21 (34.4) n/m n/m Stroke 29 (4.7) 14 (48.3) n/m n/m CHD 71 (11.4) 27 (38.0) n/m n/m Parkinson’s disease 7 (1.1) 4 (57.1) n/m n/m COPD 43 (6.9) 12 (27.9) n/m n/m Arthrosis or advanced musculoskeletal disease 307 (49.4) 80 (26.1) n/m n/m Hearing loss or visual deficit 229 (36.9) 60 (26.2) n/m n/m Polypharmacy 452 (72.8) 121 (26.8) 6.95 (2.73 to 17.70) <0.001 Hospital admission in the last year 104 (16.7) 41 (39.4) 2.81 (1.69 to 4.66) <0.001 Diabetes 147 (23.7) 49 (33.3) 1.98 (1.25 to 3.14) 0.004 Dementia 21 (3.4) 13 (61.9) n/m n/m Peripheral vascular disease 38 (6.1) 15 (39.5) n/m n/m ↵a Unless otherwise specified.
↵b Percentage calculated from subsample with relevant variable, not whole sample.
↵c Variables in the multivariate model are those with an OR. Goodness-of-fit of the model: χ2 = 6.41, P = 0.602 (Hosmer–Lemeshow test). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.78 (standard error 0.021). CHD = coronary heart disease. CI = confidence interval. COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. n(%) = absolute frequency (relative frequency). n/m = not in the multivariate model. OR = odds ratio.
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