Table 1

Gold standards used for each component of the CHAT.

Risk factor	CHAT questions^a	Positive CHAT	Gold standard tool
Smoking	How many cigarettes do you smoke every day?	Yes >10 cigarettes/day or	Heavy Smoking Index
	Do ever feel the need to cut down or stop your smoking?	Yes to second question

Alcohol	Do you feel the need to cut down on your drinking alcohol?	Yes to either question	Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test
	In the past year, have you drunk more alcohol than you meant to?

Other drugs	Do you ever feel the need to cut down on your non-prescription or recreational drug use?	Yes to either question	Drug Abuse Screening Test
	In the past year, have you ever used non-prescription or recreational drugs more than you meant to?

Gambling	Do you sometimes feel unhappy or worried after a session of gambling?	Yes to either question	South Oaks Gambling Screen
	Does gambling sometimes cause you problems?

Depression	During the past month have you often been bothered by feeling down, depressed, or hopeless?	Yes to either question	Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale
	During the past month have you often been bothered by having little interest or pleasure in doing things?

Anxiety	During the past month have you been worrying about a lot of different things?	Yes	Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale

Abuse/violence	Is there anyone in your life of whom you are afraid or who hurts you in any way?	Yes to either question	Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS-1) and Hurts, Insults, Threatens, Screams tool
	Is there anyone in your life who controls you and prevents you from doing what you want?

Anger	Is controlling your anger sometimes a problem for you?	Yes	CTS-1

Physical inactivity	As a rule, do you do at least 30 minutes of moderate or vigorous exercise (such as walking or a sport) on 5 or more days of the week?	No	Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study – physical activity questionnaire

Eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia, or binging)	Do you often feel that you can't control what or how much you eat?	Yes to either question	‘Sick, Control, One, Fat, Food’ questionnaire Eating Disorder Screen for for Primary Care
	Does your weight affect the way you feel about yourself?

↵a For each item, patients are asked: ‘If yes, do you want help with this?’, with the options ‘Yes’, ‘Yes but not today’, or ‘No’; except for the exercise question, which asks: ‘If no, do you want help with this?’. CHAT = Case-finding and Help Assessment Tool.