Univariate analysis of risk factors for respiratory hospital admissions in the winter for older patients.
| n (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor | Cases (n = 157) | Controls (n = 639) | OR (95% Cl)a | P-value |
| Demographic factors | ||||
| Mean age, years | 77.0 | 76.5 | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 70 (44.6) | 291 (45.5) | ||
| Male | 87 (55.4) | 348 (54.5) | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White British | 137 (87.3) | 603 (94.4) | 1.0 | |
| White Irish | 12 (7.6) | 17 (2.7) | 3.6 (1.6 to 8.1) | 0.002 |
| Other | 8 (5.1) | 19 (3.0) | 2.5 (1.0 to 6.4) | 0.060 |
| Social and socioeconomic factors | ||||
| Townsend quintile (patient postcode) | ||||
| 1 (least deprived) | 26 (17.1) | 126 (20.7) | 1.0 | |
| 2 | 24 (15.8) | 128 (21.0) | 1.1 (0.6 to 1.9) | 0.900 |
| 3 | 30 (19.7) | 122 (20.0) | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.7) | 0.800 |
| 4 | 34 (22.4) | 119 (19.5) | 1.6 (0.9 to 2.8) | 0.100 |
| 5 (most deprived) | 38 (25.0) | 115 (18.9) | 1.7 (0.9 to 3.0) | 0.080 |
| Rural urban index | ||||
| Urban | 123 (78.3) | 417 (65.2) | 1.0 | |
| Rural | 34 (21.7) | 222 (34.7) | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.8) | 0.001 |
| Home heating status | ||||
| Fully heated | 134 (85.4) | 581 (90.9) | 1.0 | |
| Part heated | 22 (1 4.0) | 57 (8.9) | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.1) | 0.130 |
| Not heated | 1.0 (0.64) | 0 | ||
| Receiving income support | ||||
| No | 113 (72.0) | 497 (77.8) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 44 (28.0) | 142 (22.2) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.1) | 0.16 |
| Owns home/mortgage | ||||
| No | 64 (40.8) | 220 (34.4) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 93 (59.2) | 419 (65.6) | 0.8 (0.6 to 2.1) | 0.260 |
| Living alone | ||||
| No | 103 (65.6) | 422 (66.0) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 54 (34.4) | 217 (34.0) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.2) | 1.000 |
| See family or friends regularly | ||||
| Yes | 146 (93.0) | 621 (97.2) | 1.0 | |
| No | 11 (7.0) | 18 (2.8) | 3.2 (1.3 to 7.7) | 0.010 |
| Medical and behavioural factors | ||||
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never smoker | 27 (17.2) | 172 (26.9) | 1.0 | |
| Ex-smoker | 88 (56.1) | 385 (60.3) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.3) | 0.170 |
| Current smokerb | 42 (26.8) | 82 (12.8) | 3.2 (1.8 to 5.8) | <0.001 |
| Physician-diagnosed medical conditions | ||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 77 (49.0) | 153 (23.9) | 3.2 (2.2 to 4.9) | <0.001 |
| Heart disease | 59 (23.0) | 98 (18.2) | 1.4 (1.0 to 2.1) | 0.070 |
| Asthma | 31 (19.8) | 122 (19.1) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) | 0.790 |
| Diabetes | 21 (13.4) | 83 (13.0) | 1.1 (0.7 to 2.0) | 0.610 |
| Previous cancer | 8 (20.0) | 149 (19.7) | 1.0 (0.5 to 2.4) | 0.900 |
| Hospitalisation in previous year | ||||
| No | 122 (77.7) | 577 (90.3) | 1.0 | |
| Once | 15 (9.6) | 38 (6.0) | 1.6 (0.8 to 3.1) | 0.140 |
| Twice or more | 11 (7.0) | 8 (1.3) | 7.4 (2.7 to 20.1) | <0.001 |
| Seen GP in the previous year | ||||
| Not at all | 1 (0.6) | 3 (0.5) | 1.0 | |
| Once per year | 11 (7.0) | 71 (11.1) | 1.0 | |
| Several times per year | 111 (70.7) | 468 (73.2) | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.8) | 0.300 |
| Once or more per month | 34 (21.7) | 95 (14.9) | 2.2 (1.1 to 4.6) | 0.040 |
| Functional score | ||||
| Independent | 74 (47.1) | 437 (68.4) | 1.0 | |
| Restricted | 52 (33.1) | 158 (24.7) | 1.8 (1.2 to 2.7) | 0.006 |
| Housebound | 31 (19.7) | 44 (6.9) | 4.0 (2.3 to 7.2) | <0.001 |
| General health | ||||
| Good | 24 (15.3) | 187 (29.3) | 1.0 | |
| Fairly good | 56 (35.7) | 292 (45.7) | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.4) | 0.12 |
| Not good | 76 (48.4) | 160 (25.0) | 3.4 (2.0 to 5.7) | <0.001 |
| Oral steroidsc | ||||
| None | 94 (59.9) | 516 (80.8) | 1.0 | |
| 1 course | 17 (10.8) | 36 (5.6) | 2.6 (1.3 to 5.1) | 0.006 |
| 2 or more courses | 36 (22.9) | 64 (10.0) | 2.9 (1.8 to 4.7) | <0.001 |