Changes in HRQoL by age, sex, smoking, and education with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and significance levels.
| Difference in EQ-5Dindex (95%CI) | P-value | Difference in adjusted yearly difference in EQ-5Dvas (95%CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yearly increase in age | −0.0048 (−0.0053 to −0.0042) | <0.001 | −0.294 (−0.332 to −0.257) | P<0.001 |
| Male sex | 0.034 (0.014 to 0.053) | 0.001 | 1.79 (0.53 to 3.05) | 0.005 |
| Ex versus current smoking | 0.034 (0.015 to 0.052) | <0.001 | 2.57 (1.14 to 4.00) | <0.001 |
| Never versus current smoking | 0.064 (0.042 to 0.085) | <0.001 | 6.19 (4.71 to 7.67) | <0.001 |
| Degree education | −0.023 (−0.043 to −0.003) | 0.025 | Not significant | 0.540 |
| Continued education | Not significant | 0.190 | 1.46 (0.30 to 2.62) | 0.014 |
The P-values were derived from the GEE regression models, and correspond to the significance of the specific regression coefficients (using the robust Huber–White sandwich estimator of variance).