Cases (n = 17 172), n (%) | Controls (n = 71 399), n (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusteda OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Current risk factors | ||||
Diabetes | 1344 (7.8) | 3847 (5.4) | 1.54 (1.44 to 1.65) | 1.36 (1.27 to 1.47) |
Chronic heart disease | 3239 (18.9) | 8585 (12.0) | 1.91 (1.81 to 2.00) | 1.63 (1.54 to 1.72) |
Ischaemic heart disease | 2329 (13.6) | 6984 (9.8) | 1.54 (1.46 to 1.63) | |
CHD, no IHD | 910 (5.3) | 1604 (2.2) | 2.53 (2.31 to 2.76) | |
Chronic renal disease | 203 (1.2) | 386 (0.5) | 2.15 (1.81 to 2.56) | 1.72 (1.43 to 2.07) |
Chronic respiratory disease | 4468 (26.0) | 8843 (12.4) | 2.62 (2.51 to 2.73) | 2.42 (2.31 to 2.53) |
Treated asthma | 2329 (13.6) | 4043 (5.7) | 2.65 (2.51 to 2.81) | |
Untreated asthma | 504 (2.9) | 1689 (2.4) | 1.19 (1.07 to 1.32) | |
Asplenia | 55 (0.3) | 81 (0.1) | 2.88 (2.04 to 4.06) | 2.58 (1.80 to 3.71) |
CSF shunt | 11 (0.1) | 20 (0.0) | 2.24 (1.07 to 4.71) | 2.17 (1.00 to 4.69) |
Chronic liver disease | 94 (0.5) | 175 (0.2) | 2.24 (1.74 to 2.89) | 1.87 (1.43 to 2.44) |
Sickle cell or coeliac disease | 55 (0.3) | 85 (0.1) | 2.65 (1.87 to 3.75) | 2.42 (1.68 to 3.49) |
Cochlear implant | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) | ||
HIV/AIDS | 22 (0.1) | 31 (0.0) | 2.71 (1.50 to 4.90) | 2.48 (1.34 to 4.58) |
Immunosuppressed | 776 (4.5) | 2910 (4.1) | 1.12 (1.03 to 1.21) | 1.40 (1.26 to 1.55) |
New potential risk factors | ||||
Stroke or TIA | 1454 (8.5) | 3583 (5.0) | 1.86 (1.74 to 1.99) | 1.63 (1.52 to 1.75) |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 387 (2.3) | 821 (1.1) | 2.02 (1.79 to 2.29) | 1.84 (1.62 to 2.10) |
Parkinson's disease | 230 (1.3) | 513 (0.7) | 1.87 (1.60 to 2.19) | 1.82 (1.53 to 2.15) |
Multiple sclerosis | 85 (0.5) | 112 (0.2) | 3.20 (2.40 to 4.26) | 3.63 (2.70 to 4.88) |
Dementia | 385 (2.2) | 674 (0.9) | 2.41 (2.11 to 2.75) | 2.45 (2.13 to 2.81) |
Osteoporosis | 650 (3.8) | 1578 (2.2) | 1.84 (1.67 to 2.03) | 1.57 (1.41 to 1.74) |
Osteoarthritis | 2310 (13.5) | 8932 (12.5) | 1.12 (1.06 to 1.18) | |
Any cancer | 1151 (6.7) | 2976 (4.2) | 1.70 (1.58 to 1.82) | 1.42 (1.30 to 1.56) |
Breast cancer | 190 (1.1) | 667 (0.9) | 1.17 (0.99 to 1.38) | |
Colon cancer | 107 (0.6) | 361 (0.5) | 1.23 (0.99 to 1.53) | |
Lung cancer | 107 (0.6) | 98 (0.1) | 4.73 (3.58 to 6.25) | |
Gastric cancer | 16 (0.1) | 48 (0.1) | 1.38 (0.78 to 2.44) | |
Prostate cancer | 200 (1.2) | 617 (0.9) | 1.38 (1.17 to 1.63) |
↵a Model includes all current risk factors and any new risk factors with unadjusted odds ratio >1.5, smoking status, Townsend score in quintiles, use of influenza vaccine in last 12 months, use of pneumococcal vaccine in last 5 years (1–14 days, 2–52 weeks, 12–48 months, 49–60 months), number of years of medical records data (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, ≥10). CSF = cerebrospinal fluid. CHD = coronary heart disease. IHD = ischaemic heart disease. OR = odds ratio. TIA = transient ischaemic attack.