Medical risk factors identified from previous research
| Risk factors (95% CI) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study reference number | Country | N | Ages, mean years unless stated | Sex, female/male, % | Heart failure | Hypertension | Coronary heart disease | Valvular disease | Diabetes | Hyperthyroidism |
| 7 | US | 4731 | Range 55–94 | 55.8/44.2 | F OR 5.9; | F OR 1.4; M OR 4.5 | NR M OR 1.5 | F OR 3.4; | F OR 1.6; M OR 1.8 | NR M OR 1.4 |
| 9 | China | 9297 | 65.5 (range 18–99) | 48/52 | 33.1% | 40.3% | 34.8% | 23.9% | 4.1% | 2.5% |
| 10 | Spain | 7108 (AF 605) | 71.9 (all ≥60) | 53.6/46.4 | NR | Model 1, OR 2.53 (1.60 to 4.01) | Model 1, OR 3.69 (3.03 to 4.51)a | NR | Model 1 NS; model 2 OR 1.18 (0.97 to 1.44) | NR |
| 11 | Spain | 836 (263)b | HF 63.4 versus no HF 59.9 | 19.9/80.1 | 12.3% versus 5.1% | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 12 | Spain | 32 051 (AF 6194) | 68.4 | AF only: 45.8/54.2 | 33% | 25% | 12% | NR | NR | NR |
| 13 | Spain | 1000 (AF 300) | AF 66 (SD 8), control 64 (SD 12) | AF only: 52.3/47/7 | OR 2.1 (1.2 to 3.3) | OR 1.7 (1.2 to 2.3) | OR 1.8 (1.2 to 2.6) | OR 2.2 (1.4 to 2.5) | OR 1.9 (1.2 to 2.9) | NS (4% of AF group) |
| 14 | US | 3983 | 72 (SD 5) | 0/100 | RR 3.37 (2.29 to 4.96) | RR 1.42 (1.10 to 1.84) | NR | RR 3.15 (1.99 to 5.00) | NR | NR |
| 15 | US | 2796 (AF 347) | AF 69 (SD 10), control 62 (SD 12) | 33/67 | 41% versus 9% (P<0.001) | 56% versus 56% (NS) | 71% versus 74% (NS) | NR | 24% versus 17% (P<0.05) | NR |
| 16 | US | 581 (AF 42) | AF 82 (SD 10), control 66 (SD 13) | AF: 45.2/54.8; control: 50.6/49.4 | 21.4% versus 2.6% (P<0.001) | 66.7% versus 53.4% (P = 0.1) | 35.7% versus 11.7% (P = 0.001) | NR | 14.3% versus 8.9% (P = 0.27) | NR |
| 17 | Italy | 694 | 71 (SD 9) | 44.8/55.2 | 23% | 58% | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 18 | Sweden | 7495 (AF 754) | 47–55 (follow-up 25.2 years) | 0/100 | OR 6.77 (5.17 to 8.87)c | OR 1.33 (1.07 to 1.65) | OR 6.77 (5.17 to 8.87)b | NR | NS (P>0.01) | NR |
| 19 | US | 3233 | 72.7 (all ≥65) | 59.6/40.4 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | HR 1.98 (1.29 to 3.03) |
| 20 | UK | 5859 | Median 72, range 65–98 | 50.9/49.1 | OR 3.75 (2.15 to 6.52) | OR 1.39 (1.08 to 1.80) | NR | NR | OR 2.02 (1.44 to 2.84) | OR 1.89 (1.01 to 3.57) |
| 22 | UK | 6035 (AF 1035) | Range 40–89 | 54/46 | RR 3.6 (2.7 to 4.7) | RR 1.8 (1.5 to 2.1) | RR 1.3 (1.0 to 1.6)d | RR 4.3 (2.6 to 6.9) | RR 0.8 (0.6 to 1.1) | RR 2.7 (1.5 to 5.1) |
AF = atrial fibrillation. F = female. HF = heart failure. HR = hazard ratio. M = male. NR = not reported. NS = not significant. OR = odds ratio. RR = risk ratio. SD = standard deviation. Where two figures are presented separated by versus, the first figure is always the AF group and the second the control group unless otherwise stated.
↵a Established cardiovascular disease. For model 2, the OR = 4.08 (95% CI = 3.36 to 4.97).
↵b Patients with heart failure.
↵c Heart failure or coronary heart disease.
↵d Ischaemic heart disease.