Clinical features of bladder cancer (all ages)
| Feature | Cases, n (%) n = 4915 | Controls, n (%) n = 21 718 | LRa (95% CI) | ORb (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptoms | ||||
| Visible haematuria | 2595 (53) | 196 (1) | 59 (51 to 67) | 34 (29 to 41) |
| Dysuria | 444 (9) | 209 (1) | 9.4 (8.0 to 11) | 4.1 (3.4 to 5.0) |
| Abdominal pain | 358 (7) | 787 (4) | 2.0 (1.8 to 2.3) | 2.0 (1.6 to 2.4) |
| Constipation | 286 (6) | 708 (3) | 1.8 (1.6 to 2.0) | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9) |
| Disease | ||||
| Urinary tract infection | 835 (17) | 705 (3) | 5.2 (4.8 to 5.8) | 2.2 (2.0 to 2.5) |
| Investigations | ||||
| Raised creatinine | 660 (13) | 1668 (8) | 1.8 (1.6 to 1.9) | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.4) |
| Raised inflammatory markers | 293 (6) | 717 (3) | 1.8 (1.6 to 2.1) | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9) |
| Raised white blood cell count | 250 (5) | 401 (2) | 2.8 (2.4 to 3.2) | 2.1 (1.6 to 2.8) |
↵a The univariate likelihood ratio, showing the likelihood of having a specific feature in a patient with bladder cancer, compared with the likelihood of having it in a patient without cancer.
↵b In multivariate conditional logistic regression, containing all eight variables. LR = likelihood ratio. OR odds ratio.