Overview of included screening initiatives, performed in a mixed population: yield of screening
| Risk factors | Risk score | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obesity | Hypertension | Diabetes | Dyslipidaemia | ||
| Cope et al, 19674 | DBP >100 or SBP >150: 3% | 0.3% | |||
| Scott et al, 19687 | >10% above ideal weight: 30% | DBP >90: 16% | IFG: 4%; 2 people had DM | TC >260 mg/100 ml: 19% | |
| Pike, 19695 | 6% females and 7% males required advice to reduce their weight | 8 females and 9 males had symptoms that could be associated with hypertension; more had SBP >200, or DBP >120 | Glycosuria: 2% females, 3% males (apart from the known diabetics); one male had DM | ||
| Pike, 19726 | Obesity (estimated by skin-fold calliper and height/weight tables): 31% | DBP >105: 5% | Glycosuria: 0.7% | TC >250 mg/100 ml: 12% | |
| Brown, 19788 | 7% were considered overweight | 0% | TC>6.5 mmol/l or TG>1.7 mmol/l: 20% | ||
| Anggard et al, 198616 | SBP >160: 6% DBP >95: 10% | TC >7.0 mmol/l: 15% | A risk score was calculated, results not reported | ||
| Jones et al, 198823 | BP >150/90 (<40 years) or >155/95 (≥40 years): 3% | Glycosuria: 2% Proteinuria: 2% | TC >6.0/6.5 mmol/l (female/male, <30 years) or >6.5/7.1 mmol/l (female/male, ≥30 years):7%; >8.0 mmol/l: 2% | ||
| Mann et al, 198825 | BMI >25: 46% male, 37% female | BP >160/90: 15% male, 10% female | 1% male, 1% female | TC > 5.5 mmol/l: 58% male, 53% female; TC > 6.5 mmol/l: 26% male, 24% female; TC >8.0 mmol/l: 4% male, 4% female | |
| Bennett et al, 198917 | >10% above ideal BMI: 42% | DBP >90 on 3 readings: 18% | TC > 6.5 mmol/l: 27% | ||
| Björkelund et al, 199118 | BMI ≥30: 13% | BP >160/95 (<60 years) or >170/105 (≥ 60 years) or antihypertensive medication: 22% | FBG ≥5.5 or previously diagnosed DM: 2%. Newly detected DM: 0.2% | TC ≥ 9.0 mmol/l (<50 years) or ≥10 mmol/l (≥50 years): 3% | |
| OXCHECK Study Group, 199114 | BMI 25–29: 45% male, 32% female BMI ≥30: 10% male, 16% female | DBP >90: 14% male, 9% female | TC 6.5–7.9 mmol/l: 30% male, 29% female; TC ≥ 8.0 mmol/l: 8% for male and female | ||
| Hellénius et al, 199322 | BMI ≥30: 17% male, 14% female | DBP ≥90: 33% male, 22% female | Blood glucose ≥6.7: 12% male; 6% female | TC ≥5.2 mmol/l: 68% male, 62% female; TC ≥6.5 mmol/l: 29% male, 27% female; TG ≥2.3 mmol/l: 22% male, 10% female | |
| Family Heart Study Group, 199415 | Total population: BMI 25–29: 49% male, 31% female BMI ≥30: 13% male, 13% female. Apparently healthy population: BMI 25–29: 49% male, 31% female BMI ≥30: 11%, male, 11% female | Total population: DBP ≥90: 38% male, 23% female. Apparently healthy population: DBP ≥90: 33% male, 18% female | Total population: RBG ≥7: 12% male, 6% female. Apparently healthy population: RBG ≥7.0: 10% male, 5% female | Total population: TC ≥6.5 mmol/l: 22% male, 18% female. Apparently healthy population: TC ≥6.5 mmol/l: 19% male, 16% female | A coronary risk score was calculated; 16% of males and 15% of females without previously diagnosed coronary heart disease or self-reported chest pain on exercise were in the high-risk quintile |
| Persson et al, 199432 | TC 6.5–7.8 mmol/l: 14%TC ≥7.9 mmol/l: 2% | A risk profile was worked out with ‘risk points’ for different risk factors | |||
| Gran et al, 199521 | DBP >90: 33% male, 22% female | TC >6.5 mmol/l: 44% in male, 37% in female | A risk score was calculated but the results cannot be extracted | ||
| Lauritzen et al, 199524 | BMI >30 or BMI 25–29 plus WHR >0.8: 16% | SBP >160 or DBP >90: 10% | FBG >7: 2% | TC >7 mmol/l: 10% | Increased or very high myocardial infarction risk: 11% |
| Van den Berg et al, 199926 | BMI ≥30: 11% | SBP ≥160 or DBP ≥95: 30% Newly: detected 5% hypertension and 10% isolated systolic hypertension | 7%; Newly detected: 2% | TC ≥6.5 mmol/l: 26%; newly detected: 8% | |
| Weinehall et al, 199927 b | SBP ≥160: 30% male, 29% female | TC >6.5 mmol/l: 46% male, 48% female | |||
| Devroey et al, 200420 a | BMI ≥30: 54% male; 39% female | BP >140/90: 75% of those untreated for hypertension | FBG 6.1–6.9: 8%; FBG ≥ 7.0 or previously diagnosed DM: 2% | TC ≥6.5 mmol/l: 20% of those untreated for hypercholesterolaemia | Framingham risk score; ≥10%: 55% male, 44% female |
| Bunescu et al, 200819 | BMI 25–30: 35% BMI ≥30: 21% | BP >140/90 in patients without comorbidity; >130/80 in patients with DM, congestive heart failure or renal insufficiency; >125/75 in patients with proteinuria >1 g/24 hours; or those taking antihypertensive medication: totally 24% | DM: 3% | TC ≥190 mg%: 47%; TC ≥240 mg%: 12% | SCORE risk function <5% without CVD or DM: 60% SCORE risk function ≥ 5% without CHD or DM: 30% SCORE risk function in patients with CHD or DM: 9% |
| Tiessen et al, 201228 | Low risk (SCORE <5%): 60%; aged <65: 78%; aged 50–55 (only males): 92% Intermediate risk (SCORE 5–10% without additional risk factors): 14%. Increased risk (SCORE 5–10% with additional risk factors or ≥10%): 26% | ||||
BMI = body mass index in kg/m2. BP = blood pressure in mmHg. CHD = coronary heart disease. DBP = diastolic blood pressure in mmHg. DM = diabetes mellitus. FBG = fasting blood glucose in mmol/l. IFG = impaired fasting glucose. RBG = random blood glucose in mmol/l. SBP = systolic blood pressure in mmHg. TC = total cholesterol. TG = triclycerides. WHR = waist to hip ratio; years: years.
↵a Only participants without CHD, peripheral arterial disease, and stroke were analysed.
↵b Results were extracted from another publication presenting the prevalence rates of cardiometabolic risk factors for the first 6 years of the Västerbotten Intervention Programme.33