Total (n = 206) | Persistent symptoms (n = 98) | No symptoms (n = 108) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean age (SD), years | 37.33 (14.67) | 36.14 (14.51) | 38.41 (14.80) | 0.270 |
Sex, male | 87 (42.2) | 36 (36.7) | 51 (47.2) | 0.128 |
BMI (SD), kg/m2 | 25.77 (4.80) | 26.92 (5.51) | 24.94 (4.04) | 0.006a |
Education level | 0.056 | |||
Lower | 124 (60.2) | 65 (66.3) | 59 (54.6) | |
Higher | 80 (38.8) | 31 (31.6) | 49 (45.4) | |
Sport participation, yes | 119 (57.8) | 35 (35.7) | 84 (77.8) | |
Side of ankle sprain, right | 115 (55.8) | 59 (60.2) | 56 (51.9) | 0.228 |
Previous ankle sprain | 96 (46.6) | 49 (50.0) | 47 (43.5) | 0.277 |
Ankle sprain during: | 0.926 | |||
Sport | 75 (36.4) | 36 (36.7) | 39 (36.1) | |
Work | 26 (12.6) | 13 (13.3) | 13 (12.0) | |
Hobby | 14 (6.8) | 5 (5.1) | 9 (8.3) | |
Task around the house | 10 (4.9) | 4 (4.1) | 6 (5.6) | |
Traffic participation | 21 (10.2) | 9 (9.2) | 12 (11.1) | |
Other | 56 (27.2) | 28 (28.6) | 28 (25.9) | |
Ankle swollen after sprain | 0.373 | |||
No | 13 (6.3) | 7 (7.1) | 6 (5.6) | |
Slight | 47 (22.8) | 18 (18.4) | 29 (26.9) | |
Serious | 142 (68.9) | 70 (71.4) | 72 (66.7) | |
Unknown | 4 (1.9) | 3 (3.1) | 1 (0.9) | |
Place swelling after sprain | 0.080 | |||
Medial side | 20 (9.7) | 13 (13.3) | 7 (6.5) | |
Lateral side | 169 (82) | 75 (76.5) | 94 (87.0) | |
Other place | 17 (8.3) | 10 (10.2) | 7 (6.5) | |
Most pain after sprain | 0.113 | |||
Medial side | 25 (12.1) | 12 (12.2) | 13 (12.0) | |
Lateral side | 109 (52.9) | 42 (42.9) | 67 (62.0) | |
Frontal side | 14 (6.8) | 9 (9.2) | 5 (4.6) | |
Caudal side | 7 (3.4) | 5 (5.1) | 2 (1.9) | |
Other place | 51 (24.8) | 30 (30.6) | 21 (19.4) | |
Instability after sprain | 0.020a | |||
Yes | 170 (82.5) | 86 (87.8) | 84 (77.8) | |
Pain score at baseline (SD) | ||||
In rest, VAS 0–10 | 1.11 (1.83) | 1.87 (2.20) | 0.44 (1.03) | <0.001a |
During exercise, VAS 0–10 | 2.37 (2.46) | 3.62 (2.62) | 1.25 (1.64) | <0.001a |
Ankle Function Score at baseline, AFS 0–100a | 73.45 (20.50) | 62.47 (20.24) | 82.90 (15.44) | <0.001a |
Baseline recovery score | na | |||
Completely recovered | 36 (17.5) | - | 36 (33.3) | |
Greatly improved | 72 (35.0) | - | 72 (66.7) | |
Slightly improved | 52 (25.2) | 52 (53.1) | - | |
The same | 17 (8.3) | 17 (17.3) | - | |
Slightly deteriorated | 21 (10.2) | 21 (21.4) | - | |
Sharply deteriorated | 6 (2.9) | 6 (6.1) | - | |
Worse than ever | 2 (1.0) | 2 (2.0) | - |
BMI = body mass index. VAS = visual analogue scale.
↵a Statistically significant difference. na = not applicable.