Table 1.

Overview of selected clinical prediction rules

Clinical prediction rule	Year of publication	Country of derivation	Setting	Model	Age	Patients, n	Serious infections, %	CPR variables
High/Low risk prediction
*1. Van den Bruel et al* ⁶**	2007	Belgium	Primary	CART	0–16 years	3981	0.8	Clinician’s instinct something is wrong, dyspnoea, temperature, age, diarrhoea
*2. Thompson et al* ¹⁸**	2009	UK	Secondary	High/low	3 months – 16 years	527	15	Temperature, oxygen saturation ≤94%, tachypnoea, tachycardia
*3. Pantell et al* ¹⁹**	2004	US, Colombia, Puerto Rico	Paediatric practices/secondary	CART	<3 months	3066	2.9	Age, ill appearance, temperature

Continuous risk prediction
*4. Pantell et al* ¹⁹**	2004	US, Colombia, Puerto Rico	Paediatric practices/secondary	MLRM	<3 months	3066	2.9	Age, ill appearance, temperature, abnormal cry, Medicaid insurance, ill family members, inner-city clinic, URTI diagnosed
*5. Bleeker et al* ²⁰**	2007	Netherlands	Secondary	MLRM	1–36 months	381	27	Ill clinical appearance, poor peripheral circulation, chest wall retractions ± tachypnoea, duration of fever, history of vomiting
*6. Berger et al* ²¹**	1996	Netherlands	Secondary	MLRM	2 weeks −1 year	138	24	Clinical impression, duration of fever >48 hours, history of diarrhoea, CRP
7. YICSSG²²	2008	Bangladesh, Bolivia, Ghana, India, Pakistan, South Africa	Secondary (mimic primary care)	MLRM	<2 months	8889	7–70	Cyanosis, temperature, prolonged capillary refill, movement on stimulation only, tachypnoea, severe chest indrawings, history of convulsions, stiff limbs, history of difficulty feeding, lethargic, grunting
*8. Brent et al* ²³**	2011	UK	Secondary	MLRM	1 months – 15 years	1951	4	State variation, temperature, capillary refill ≥2 seconds, hypoxia, tachypnoea, dehydration, history of developmental delay, risk factor for infection (comorbidity)

CART = classification and regression tree. CRP = C-reactive protein. MLRM = multivariate logistic regression model. URTI = upper respiratory tract infection. YICSSG = Young Infants Clinical Signs Study Group.