Positive predictive values for bladder/renal cancer for non-haematuria symptoms, including urinary tract infection features
| Cancer | Study | Symptom | Age group and sex | Frequency of symptoms in patients with urinary tract cancer | PPV% (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bladder | Shephard (2012) | Urinary tract infection | ≥60 years | 759/4358 = 17% | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.4) |
| Renal | Shephard (2013) | Lower urinary tract infection | ≥60 years | 280/2454 = 11% | 0.1 (0.09 to 0.1) |
| Bladder | Shephard (2012) | Urinary tract infection (reattendance) | ≥60 years | 308/4358 = 7% | 0.5 (0.4 to 1.6) |
| Renal | Shephard (2013) | Lower urinary tract infection (reattendance) | ≥60 years | 92/2454 = 4% | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2) |
| Bladder and renal | Collins (2013) | Abdominal pain | 30–84 years | 284/2283 = 12% | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.1) |
| Bladder and renal | Hippisley-Cox (2012) | Abdominal pain | 30–84 years | 182/1622 = 11% | 0.2 (0.2 to 0.2) |
| Bladder and renal | Collins (2013) | Abdominal pain | Males 30–84 years | 187/1685 = 11% | 0.2 (0.2 to 0.21) |
| Bladder and renal | Collins (2013) | Abdominal pain | Females 30–84 years | 97/598 = 16% | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.1) |
| Bladder | Shephard (2012) | Abdominal pain | ≥60 years | 313/4358 = 7% | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.2) |
| Renal | Shephard (2013) | Abdominal pain | ≥60 years | 271/2454 = 11% | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2) |
| Bladder | Shephard (2012) | Abdominal pain (reattendance) | ≥60 years | 109/4358 = 3% | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.2) |
| Renal | Shephard (2013) | Abdominal pain (reattendance) | ≥60 years | 82/2454 = 3% | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.2) |
| Renal | Muris (1995) | Non-acute abdominal complaints | 18–75 years | NR | 0.1 (0.01 to 0.7) |
| Renal | Deyo (1988) | Back pain | 15–86 years | NR | 0.05 (0.002 to 0.3) |
| Renal | Shephard (2013) | Back pain | ≥60 years | 264/2454 = 11% | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.1) |
| Renal | Shephard (2013) | Back pain (reattendance) | ≥60 years | 72/2454 = 3% | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.1) |
| Bladder | Shephard (2012) | Dysuria | ≥60 years | 382/4358 = 9% | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.8) |
| Bladder | Shephard (2012) | Dysuria (reattendance) | ≥60 years | 116/4358 = 3% | 1 (0.7 to 1.5) |
| Renal | Shephard (2013) | Fatigue | ≥60 years | 170/2454 = 7% | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.1) |
| Renal | Shephard (2013) | Fatigue (reattendance) | ≥60 years | 25/2454 = 1% | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2) |
| Renal | Shephard (2013) | Constipation | ≥60 years | 170/2454 = 7% | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.1) |
| Bladder | Shephard (2012) | Constipation | ≥60 years | 270/4358 = 6% | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2) |
| Bladder | Shephard (2012) | Constipation (reattendance) | ≥60 years | 73/4358 = 2% | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2) |
| Renal | Shephard (2013) | Constipation (reattendance) | ≥60 years | 41/2454 = 2% | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.1) |
| Renal | Shephard (2013) | Nausea | ≥60 years | 140/2454 = 6% | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2) |
| Renal | Shephard (2013) | Nausea (reattendance) | ≥60 years | 39/2454 = 2% | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.2) |
| Bladder and renal | Hippisley-Cox (2012) | Appetite loss | 30–84 years | 6/1622 = 0.4% | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.4) |
| Bladder and renal | Collins (2013) | Appetite loss | Females 30–84 years | 4/598 = 0.7% | 0.1 (0.04 to 0.3) |
| Renal | Oudega (2006) | Deep vein thrombosis | With mean age = 60.7 (SD = 18.2) years | NR | 1.2 (0.4 to 2.9) |
NR= not reported. PPV= positive predictive value.