Incident PSA test | ≥1 repeated normal PSA tests | ≥1 repeated raised PSA tests | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | |
Patient age, years | 1.05 | 1.05 to 1.06 | <0.001 | 1.07 | 1.07 to 1.08 | <0.001 | 1.10 | 1.09 to 1.10 | <0.001 |
Education | |||||||||
Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Middle | 1.25 | 1.10 to 1.41 | <0.001 | 1.42 | 1.24 to 1.63 | <0.001 | 1.33 | 1.09 to 1.61 | 0.005 |
High | 1.19 | 1.04 to 1.36 | 0.011 | 1.63 | 1.33 to 1.99 | <0.001 | 1.81 | 1.42 to 2.29 | <0.001 |
Marital status | |||||||||
Cohabiting | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Single | 0.78 | 0.70 to 0.86 | <0.001 | 0.59 | 0.50 to 0.69 | <0.001 | 0.69 | 0.56 to 0.85 | <0.001 |
Risk attitudes of GPs | |||||||||
Anxiety caused by uncertainty | 1.03 | 1.00 to 1.06 | 0.025 | 1.03 | 0.99 to 1.07 | 0.128 | 0.99 | 0.95 to 1.03 | 0.631 |
Concern about bad outcomes | 1.04 | 1.00 to 1.08 | 0.034 | 1.03 | 0.98 to 1.08 | 0.278 | 0.98 | 0.93 to 1.03 | 0.470 |
Reluctance to disclose mistakes to physicians | 1.01 | 0.97 to 1.06 | 0.539 | 1.03 | 0.96 to 1.11 | 0.371 | 0.98 | 0.90 to 1.06 | 0.584 |
Reluctance to disclose uncertainty to patients | 0.99 | 0.97 to 1.02 | 0.631 | 0.96 | 0.92 to 1.00 | 0.050 | 0.98 | 0.95 to 1.02 | 0.341 |
Tolerance for ambiguity | 0.98 | 0.96 to 1.00 | 0.025 | 0.96 | 0.94 to 0.99 | 0.009 | 1.00 | 0.96 to 1.03 | 0.825 |
Physician risk attitude | 0.99 | 0.97 to 1.01 | 0.416 | 0.97 | 0.93 to 1.00 | 0.047 | 0.99 | 0.96 to 1.02 | 0.432 |
Empathy | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.01 | 0.982 | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.01 | 0.604 | 1.01 | 1.00 to 1.02 | 0.154 |
Burnout | |||||||||
No burnout | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Burnout | 1.15 | 0.90 to 1.48 | 0.270 | 1.18 | 0.85 to 1.63 | 0.337 | 1.30 | 0.96 to 1.77 | 0.093 |
OR = odds ratio. PSA = prostate specific antigen. Ref. = reference.