Outcome | Evidence of independent albuminuria association | HR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|
All-cause mortality | Compared with ACR 0.6 mg/mmol:b | 1.1 | 1.20 (1.15 to 1.26)9 |
3.4 | 1.63 (1.50 to 1.77)9 | ||
33.9 | 2.22 (1.97 to 2.51)9 | ||
Cardiovascular mortality | Compared with ACR 0.6 mg/mmol:b | 1.1 | 1.20 (1.15 to 1.26)9 |
3.4 | 1.63 (1.50 to 1.77)9 | ||
33.9 | 2.22 (1.97 to 2.51)9 | ||
Cardiovascular disease | Compared with ACR 0–0.4 mg/mmol:c | 2.5–25 | 1.36 (1.12 to 1.64)10 |
>25 | 1.59 (1.10 to 2.37)10 | ||
Incident end-stage renal disease | Compared with ACR <1.1 mg/mmol:d | 3.4–33.8 | 12.0 (7.9 to 18.1)6 |
≥33.9 | 72.1 (43.0 to 121)6 | ||
CKD progression | Compared with ACR 0.6 mg/mmol:d | 3.7 | 4.87 (2.30 to 10.3)6 |
33.9 | 13.4 (5.49 to 32.7)6 | ||
113 | 28.4 (14.9 to 54.2)6 | ||
Acute kidney injury | Compared with ACR <1.2 mg/mmol:d | 3.4–33.8 | 2.5 (1.7 to 3.7)6 |
≥33.9 | 6.0 (4.5 to 8.0)6 | ||
1.2–3.3 | 1.9 (1.4 to 2.6)8 | ||
3.4–33.8 | 2.2 (1.6 to 3.0)8 | ||
≥33.9 | 4.8 (3.2 to 7.2)8 | ||
Heart failure hospitalisation | Compared with ACR <0.22 mg/mmol:e | 0.22–0.57 | 1.19 (0.77 to 1.83)7 |
0.58–1.62 | 1.95 (1.32 to 2.88)7 | ||
>1.62 | 3.79 (2.65 to 5.41)7 |
↵a Units standardised to mg/mmol to aid comparison.
↵b Adjusted for eGFR, age, sex, ethnicity, history of cardiovascular disease (CVD), systolic blood pressure (BP), diabetes, smoking, and total cholesterol.
↵c Adjusted for age, sex, smoking, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, and body mass index.
↵d Adjusted for estimated glomerular filtration rate, age, sex, ethnicity, history of CVD, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes, and smoking.
↵e Adjusted for age, sex, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure, waist–hip ratio, diabetes mellitus, or glycated haemoglobin in participants with diabetes. CKD = chronic kidney disease. HR = hazard ratios in general population cohorts. ACR = albumin:creatine ratio.