Table 3.

Bivariate Cox regression analysis: association between mortality and covariates

	N	HR	95% CI	P-value
Sex (female versus male)	1708	0.70	0.62 to 0.80	<0.001

Age in years	1708	1.07	1.06 to 1.08	<0.001

Housing (care institution versus independent)	1708	2.44	2.01 to 2.96	<0.001

Education	1707			0.556
Low	1020	1.10	0.90 to 1.36	0.351
Middle	483	1.05	0.83 to 1.31	0.695
High^a	204

Partner status	1687
No partner	831	1.48	1.30 to 1.69	<0.001
Partner outside household	57	1.27	0.89 to 1.83	0.189
Co-residing partner^a	799

Level of urbanicity	1707	1.06	1.01 to 1.11	0.020

Smoking	1452			<0.001
Non-smoker^a	498
Former smoker	744	1.13	0.97 to 1.32	0.128
Current smoker	210	1.80	1.47 to 2.20	<0.001

Alcohol use	1444			0.286
No^a	371
Light	763	0.92	0.78 to 1.08	0.309
Moderate to very excessive	310	0.85	0.69 to 1.04	0.117

Morbidity	1685			0.003
No chronic disease^a	137
1 disease	376	1.06	0.81 to 1.38	0.688
2 disease	461	1.27	0.98 to 1.65	0.072
3 or more diseases	711	1.38	1.07 to 1.77	0.012

Functional limitations	1622	1.41	1.33 to 1.49	<0.001

Cognition	1687	0.94	0.92 to 0.95	<0.001

Depression	1662	1.03	1.02 to 1.03	<0.001

Mastery	1449	0.95	0.94 to 0.97	<0.001

Self-efficacy	1466	0.98	0.97 to 1.00	0.007

Self-esteem	1467	0.98	0.96 to 1.01	0.264