Population characteristics and physical assessment results
| PADb n= 12 | No PADc n= 356 | All n= 368 | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yearsa | 70.6 (±9.6) 56–86 | 63.6 (±8.2) 45–85 | 63.8 (±8.3) 45–86 | 0.02d |
| Male:female sex ratio | 58:42 | 54:46 | 55:45 | 0.54e |
| White British ethnicity, % | 100 | 100 | 100 | NA |
| Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001f | |||
| Current smoker | 6 (50) | 37 (10) | 43 (12) | |
| Ex-smoker | 6 (50) | 125 (35) | 131 (36) | |
| Non-smoker | 0 (0) | 194 (54) | 194 (53) | |
| Family history of premature CHD, n (%) | 2 (17) | 94 (26) | 96 (26) | 0.53f |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 144 (±10) 130–160 | 140 (±16) 98–198 | 140 (±16) 98–198 | 0.18d |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 76 (±13) 54–98 | 81 (±9) 40–113 | 81 (±10) 40–113 | 0.15d |
| Hypertension, defined as raised systolic and/or raised diastolic BP and/or on medication for hypertension, n (%) | 10 (83) | 268 (75) | 278 (76) | 0.1e |
| Pulse pressure, mmHg | 68 (±10) 52–88 | 59 (±14) 30–106 | 59 (±14) 30–106 | 0.008d |
| Heart rate, beats per minute | 80 (±16) 58–103 | 74 (±12) 40–114 | 74 (±12) 40–114 | 0.095g |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 11 (92) | 246 (69) | 257 (70) | 0.23e |
| No | 1 (8) | 74 (21) | 75 (21) | |
| No data available | 0 (0) | 36 (10) | 36 (9) | |
| Triglycerides >150 mg/dL or 1.7 mmol/L, n (%) | 3 (25) | 116 (33) | 119 (32) | 0.55f |
| HDL <40 mg/dL or 1.0 mmol/L, n (%) | 0 (0) | 35 (10) | 35 (10) | 0.62f |
| LDL ≥130 mg/dL or ≥3.3 mmol/L, n (%) | 3 (25) | 137 (38) | 140 (38) | 0.22e |
| Taking lipid-lowering medication, n (%) | 7 (58) | 76 (21) | 83 (23) | 0.03f |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27 (±4) 22–37 | 30 (±5) 19–54 | 29 (±5) 19–54 | 0.07d |
| Waist circumference, cm | 98 (±11) 83–114 | 100 (±14) 64–143 | 100 (±14) 64–143 | 0.566d |
| Total number of CV risk factors | 4 (±1) 3–5 | 3 (±1) 1–5 | 3 (±1) 1–5 | 0.016g |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 0 (0) | 11 (3) | 11 (3) | 1.0f |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 1 (8) | 10 (3) | 11 (3) | 0.29f |
| Rheumatoid arthritis, n (%) | 2 (17) | 5 (1) | 7 (2) | 0.019f |
| QRISK®2 score | 32 (±12) 11–59 | 18 (±10) 3–58 | 19 (±11) 3–58 | 0.001d |
| Relative risk according to QRISK®2 | 1.6 (±0.6) 1.1–2.9 | 1.3 (±0.6) 0.6–5.6 | 1.3 (±0.5) 0.6–5.6 | 0.016d |
| ≥1 clinical sign(s) of PAD, n (%) | 9 (75) | 64 (18) | 73 (20) | <0.01e |
| Positive ECQ score, n (%) | 5 (42) | 6 (2) | 11 (3) | <0.01e |
↵a Unless otherwise stated, data are presented as mean, standard deviation, range.
↵b ABI ≤0.9.
↵c ABI >0.9.
↵d Mann–Whitney U test.
↵e χ2 test.
↵f Fisher’s exact test.
↵g t-test.
ABI = ankle–brachial index. BMI = body mass index. BP = blood pressure. CHD = coronary heart disease. CV = cardiovascular. ECQ = Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire. HDL = high-density lipoprotein. LDL = low-density lipoprotein. PAD = peripheral arterial disease.