Potential factors associated with return to work
| Variable | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| Location | |
| Centre | |
| Nottingham | 1.00 |
| Leicester | 0.82 (0.51 to 1.31) |
| Bristol | 0.92 (0.57 to 1.48) |
| Guildford | 1.96 (1.00 to 3.84) |
| Age, years | |
| 16–24 | 1.00 |
| 25–44 | 1.29 (0.67 to 2.51) |
| 45–64 | 0.95 (0.51 to 1.76) |
| 65–69 | 0.65 (0.19 to 2.28) |
| Sex | |
| Female | 1.00 |
| Male | 1.04 (0.71 to 1.51) |
| Follow-up time, months | |
| 2 | 1.00 |
| 4 | 11.72 (6.06 to 22.70) |
| 12 | 77.39 (30.91 to 193.77) |
| Psychological predictors at 1 month post-injury | |
| HADS-A | 0.92 (0.88 to 0.97) |
| HADS-D | 0.92 (0.88 to 0.96) |
| IES-A | 0.96 (0.93 to 0.98) |
| IES-I | 0.96 (0.94 to 0.99) |
| AUDIT scale, quintile | |
| 1 (0)a | 1.00 |
| 2 (1.0–2.0) | 1.08 (0.64 to 1.83) |
| 3 (2.2–3.0) | 1.73 (0.95 to 3.16) |
| 4 (3.3–6.0) | 2.12 (1.19 to 3.76) |
| 5 (7.0–25.0) | 1.16 (0.65 to 2.05) |
| DAST scale | 1.08 (0.69 to 1.67) |
| Psychological predictors at baseline | |
| Past psychiatric diagnoses (obtained from SCID) | |
| 0 | 1.00 |
| 1 | 0.88 (0.46 to 1.68) |
| ≥2 | 0.27 (0.09 to 0.80) |
| HADS-A | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.05) |
| HADS-D | 0.94 (0.85 to 1.04) |
| AUDIT scale | 1.00 (0.96 to 1.04) |
| DAST scale | 0.92 (0.61 to 1.37) |
| Longstanding illness | |
| No | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.76 (0.46 to 1.27) |
| Ethnic group | |
| White | 1.00 |
| Black or minority ethnic group | 0.43 (0.12 to 1.48) |
| Deprivation (IMD) | 0.98 (0.97 to 1.00) |
| Marital status | |
| Single | 1.00 |
| Married/partnership | 1.43 (0.92 to 2.22) |
| Divorced/widowed | 1.17 (0.62 to 2.20) |
| Nights in hospital | 0.93 (0.90 to 0.97) |
| Injury severity | |
| Minor (AIS = 1) | 1.00 |
| Moderate (AIS = 2) | 0.73 (0.32 to 1.63) |
| Serious or worse (AIS ≥3) | 0.42 (0.17 to 1.02) |
| Number of injuries | |
| 1 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 1.12 (0.73 to 1.72) |
| ≥3 | 0.60 (0.38 to 0.97) |
| Body part injured | |
| Other | 1.00 |
| Upper limb | 0.95 (0.46 to 1.96) |
| Lower limb | 0.55 (0.29 to 1.04) |
| Upper and lower limbs | 0.45 (0.19 to 1.03) |
| Injury mechanism | |
| Other | 1.00 |
| Falls | 1.00 (0.54 to 1.84) |
| Traffic | 0.75 (0.38 to 1.49) |
| Struck | 1.10 (0.47 to 2.57) |
| Place of injury | |
| Other | 1.00 |
| Home | 0.63 (0.32 to 1.22) |
| Work | 0.70 (0.40 to 1.24) |
| Road | 0.90 (0.44 to 1.85) |
| Countryside | 1.28 (0.64 to 2.55) |
| Sports facilities | 0.61 (0.31 to 1.17) |
| Other predictors at 1 month post-injury | |
| Social functioning scale, quintile | |
| 1 (0–4.6)a | 1.00 |
| 2 (5–6.9) | 0.42 (0.24 to 0.73) |
| 3 (7–8) | 0.31 (0.18 to 0.54) |
| 4 (9–10) | 0.29 (0.16 to 0.52) |
| 5 (10.3–18.3) | 0.23 (0.13 to 0.42) |
| CCS | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.04) |
| CiOQ-P scale | 0.96 (0.94 to 0.98) |
| CiOQ-N scale | 0.97 (0.93 to 1.01) |
| Threatening life events since injury | |
| No | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.38 (0.22 to 0.66) |
| Pain visual analogue scale | 0.98 (0.98 to 0.99) |
| Seeking compensation | |
| No | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.59 (0.38 to 0.90) |
| Involved in litigation | |
| No | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.57 (0.35 to 0.94) |
↵a Figures in brackets represent the range for each quintile. AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale. AUDIT= Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. CiOQ-N = Changes in Outlook Questionnaire (negative). CiOQ-P = Changes in Outlook Questionnaire (positive). CSS = Crisis Support Scale. DAST = Drug Abuse Screening Test. HADS-A = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale — anxiety. HADS-D = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale — depression. IES-A = Impact of Events Scale avoidance. IES-I = Impact of Events Scale intrusion. IMD = Index of Multiple Deprivation. IQR = interquartile range. OR = odds ratio. SCID = structured clinical interview.