Cause of hospitalisation | Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)a | Fully adjusted sub-hazard ratio (95% CI)b | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 (fully adjusted model) | ||
Acute kidney injury | 6.49 (5.99 to 7.03) | 5.95 (5.46 to 6.47) | 5.82 (5.34 to 6.35) | 4.90 (4.47 to 5.38) | 4.98 (4.23 to 5.87) |
Heart failure | 3.28 (3.15 to 3.41) | 2.84 (2.73 to 2.96) | 2.79 (2.67 to 2.90) | 1.66 (1.59 to 1.75) | 2.07 (1.88 to 2.28) |
Venous thromboembolism | 1.60 (1.53 to 1.68) | 1.57 (1.49 to 1.65) | 1.54 (1.46 to 1.62) | 1.55 (1.46 to 1.64) | 1.57 (1.37 to 1.80) |
Myocardial infarction | 1.84 (1.78 to 1.91) | 1.70 (1.64 to 1.76) | 1.67 (1.61 to 1.73) | 1.40 (1.34 to 1.46) | 1.53 (1.38 to 1.69) |
Urinary tract infection | 1.62 (1.58 to 1.67) | 1.53 (1.49 to 1.57) | 1.50 (1.46 to 1.54) | 1.39 (1.35 to 1.43) | 1.59 (1.50 to 1.69) |
Gastrointestinal bleeding | 1.59 (1.53 to 1.66) | 1.55 (1.49 to 1.62) | 1.52 (1.46 to 1.58) | 1.34 (1.28 to 1.40) | 1.55 (1.41 to 1.72) |
Cerebral infarction | 1.55 (1.49 to 1.61) | 1.51 (1.46 to 1.58) | 1.51 (1.45 to 1.58) | 1.27 (1.22 to 1.33) | 1.45 (1.30 to 1.60) |
Pneumonia | 1.47 (1.43 to 1.51) | 1.46 (1.42 to 1.50) | 1.44 (1.40 to 1.49) | 1.24 (1.20 to 1.29) | 1.49 (1.39 to 1.59) |
Hip fracture | 1.11 (1.08 to 1.14) | 1.18 (1.14 to 1.21) | 1.17 (1.13 to 1.21) | 1.11 (1.07 to 1.15) | 1.37 (1.27 to 1.48) |
Intracranial bleeding | 1.28 (1.21 to 1.36) | 1.30 (1.22 to 1.38) | 1.29 (1.21 to 1.38) | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.19) | 1.30 (1.11 to 1.52) |
↵a Adjusted hazard ratio (patients with chronic kidney disease versus those without) was estimated in the following Cox regression models: Model 1: Stratified by matched set to account for the matching on age, sex, general practice, and calendar time. Model 2: Model 1 + adjusted by ethnicity, socioeconomic and smoking status, body mass index, and diabetes mellitus. Model 3: Model 2 + adjusted by comorbidities not directly related to chronic kidney disease (asthma, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia, depression, epilepsy, hypothyroidism, severe mental illness, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis). Model 4: Model 3 + adjusted by all the other comorbidities that may occur concordantly with chronic kidney disease (atrial fibrillation, coronary heart disease, heart failure, hypertension, peripheral arterial disease, and stroke and transient ischaemic attack).
↵b Fully adjusted sub-hazard ratio was estimated by the model of Fine and Gray to account for competing risk (initiation of renal replacement therapy and death) between patients with and without chronic kidney disease, using a 20% random sample of the whole dataset.