Associations of prescribing of antibiotics with that of other medicines, non-opioid painkillers, and benzodiazepines
| Risk factor | Mean (SD) | 5th | Percentile of risk factors | Change in risk factor | Rate of antibiotics | Rate of antibiotics | % Increase in antibiotic for 5th–95thc | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25th | 75th | 95th | IQR | 5th–95th | Change per IQR,b crude (95% CI) | Change per IQR, adjusted (95% CI) | Change per 5th–95th percentile,b crude (95% CI) | Change per 5th–95th percentile,b adjusted (95% CI) | Crude | Adjusted | |||
| Antibioticsa | |||||||||||||
| NHS-DPPD | 576.1 (148.1) | 329.9 | 486.9 | 666.8 | 808.7 | 179.9 | 478.8 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| CPRD | 578.9 (177.4) | 268.0 | 488.1 | 688.5 | 852.4 | 200.4 | 584.4 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Other medicinesa | |||||||||||||
| NHS-DPPD | 17 631.3 (5707.8) | 8815.9 | 13 588.0 | 21 411.6 | 27 159.8 | 7823.6 | 18 343.9 | 141.8 (138.3 to 145.3) | 117.8 (113.2 to 122.5) | 332.5 (324.4 to 340.7) | 276.3 (265.4 to 287.2) | 80 | 60 |
| CPRD | 16 587.3 (5923.6) | 6909.8 | 12 732.6 | 20 399.0 | 25 966.7 | 7666.4 | 19 056.8 | 167.5 (152.2 to 182.9) | 162.8 (148.4 to 177.3) | 416.4 (378.3 to 454.5) | 404.8 (368.9 to 440.6) | 100 | 100 |
| Non-opioid painkillersa | |||||||||||||
| NHS-DPPD | 1211.4 (544.4) | 462.9 | 809.6 | 1531.3 | 2215.6 | 721.7 | 1752.7 | 128.5 (124.8 to 132.2) | 119.7 (114.5 to 124.9) | 312.0 (303.1 to 321.0) | 290.7 (278.0 to 303.4) | 70 | 60 |
| CPRD | 1365.7 (611.3) | 463.4 | 895.0 | 1757.8 | 2344.3 | 862.8 | 1880.9 | 189.5 (173.0 to 206.0) | 189.0 (172.1 to 206.0) | 413.1 (377.0 to 449.1) | 412.1 (375.3 to 449.0) | 100 | 100 |
| Benzodiazepinesa | |||||||||||||
| NHS-DPPD | 274.8 (162.4) | 79.7 | 167.8 | 344.3 | 567.3 | 176.5 | 487.6 | 90.7 (87.0 to 94.5) | 62.4 (58.9 to 66.0) | 250.6 (240.4 to 260.9) | 172.4 (162.6 to 182.2) | 50 | 30 |
| CPRD | 325.1 (247.1) | 81.2 | 180.0 | 381.0 | 774.9 | 201.0 | 693.7 (87.0 to 110.5) | 98.7 (81.1 to 104.4) | 92.7 (300.1 to 381.2) | 340.7 (279.8 to 360.1) | 320.0 | 60 | 50 |
↵a Per 1000 patients per year.
↵b Change in rate of antibiotic prescribing over IQR or 5th to 95th percentile of risk factor (other medicines, painkillers, or benzodiazepines).
↵c % Increase in antibiotic for 5th–95% was calculated using Poisson model. CPRD = Clinical Practice Research Datalink. DPPD = digital practice prescribing data. n/a = not applicable. IQR = interquartile range.