Table 1.

Randomised controlled trials of CBT-I in general primary care with mixed-age adult samples

Study	Sample size, n	Sex, % female	Mean age, years	Country/region	Intervention	Sessions, n	Session duration	Control condition	Intervention delivered by	Effect sizes, Cohen’s d
										SOL	WASO	TST	SE	ISI
										Bothelius et al (2013)³⁴	66	86.4	50.7	Sweden	CBT-I group, HT	5	60–90 mins	Wait list	Nurses, social workers	0.57	0.55	–	–	0.90
Espie et al (2001)³⁵	139	68.3	51.4	UK	CBT-I group, HT	6	50 mins	Monitoring	Nurses	0.97	0.48	0.32	–	–
Espie et al (2007)³⁶	201	68.2	54.3	UK	CBT-I group	5	60 mins	Treatment as usual	Nurses	0.58	0.35	0.13	0.68	–
Sandlund et al (2017)³⁷	165	72.7	54.5	Sweden	CBT-I group, HT	7 (6 + 1-month follow-up)	120 mins	Treatment as usual	Nurses	0.51	0.39	0.40	0.62	1.23
Falloon et al (2015)³⁸	94	77.3	53.5	New Zealand	Sleep restriction (brief), individual	2	Not specified, GP appointment	Sleep hygiene guidelines	GP	0.13	0.36	0.01	0.21	0.55
Wong et al (2017)³⁹	216	78.2	56.1	Hong Kong	MBCT-I + sleep restriction + sleep-specific cognitive therapy, group	8	150 mins	Psychoeducation^a + stretching	MBCT instructors/physiotherapists	0.02	0.50	0.14	0.14	0.36
Katofsky et al (2012)⁴⁰	80	77.5	51.5	Germany	Self-help CBT-I manual + 4-week lormetazepam start and taper, individual	6	Not specified, GP appointment	Short term lormetazepam	GPs	0.41	0.18	0.10	–	–

↵a Included stimulus control therapy and sleep hygiene. Dashes signify not reported. CBT-I = cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia. HT = hypnotic medication tapering. ISI = Insomnia Severity Index. MBCT = mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. SE = sleep efficiency. SOL = sleep onset latency. TST = total sleep time. WASO = wake after sleep onset.