Table 3.

Poisson regression model of individual mental health symptoms predicting emergency department and GP attendance, adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, healthcare access, and physical health factors.

Predictors	A&E attendance, adjusted RR	95% CI	GP attendance adjusted RR	95% CI
Mental health symptoms
Depression	1.41^a	1.05 to 1.90	1.15	0.91 to 1.46
Anxiety	0.9	0.69 to 1.17	1.19^a	1.03 to 1.38
Paranoia	1.02	0.86 to 1.21	1.04	0.88 to 1.23
AVH	1.05	0.88 to 1.25	0.97	0.87 to 1.08

Demographics
Age (≥65), years (Ref)
18–24	2.58^b	1.29 to 5.16	0.65^c	0.53 to 0.81
25–44	1.33	0.89 to 2.00	0.75^b	0.60 to 0.93
45–64	1.26	0.83 to 1.89	0.78^a	0.63 to 0.97
Sex (female)	1.04	0.79 to 1.36	1.15^a	1.01 to 1.31
Ethnicity (BME)	0.59^a	0.36 to 0.95	0.94	0.79 to 1.11

Socioeconomic status
Education (no qualifications) (Ref)
Professional, vocational, or work certificate	1.49^b	1.13 to 1.95	1.05	0.94 to 1.17
Degree or higher	1.54	0.91 to 2.62	0.93	0.81 to 1.08
Non-employment	1.55^b	1.14 to 2.10	1.22^a	1.05 to 1.41
Problems with housing	1.30^a	1.01 to 1.69	0.95	0.81 to 1.13
Index of Multiple Deprivation	1.00	0.99 to 1.01	1.00	1.00 to 1.01

Alcohol consumption
None (0 units) (Ref)
Moderate (<14 units)	1.03	0.77 to 1.37	0.88	0.77 to 1.02
Heavy (14–28 units)	0.83	0.57 to 1.21	0.88	0.75 to 1.02
Very heavy (>28 units)	0.98	0.54 to 1.78	1.24	1.00 to 1.64

Healthcare access
Distance to GP	1.31^a	1.01 to 1.69	1.09	0.88 to 1.34
Distance to emergency department	0.93^c	0.89 to 0.97	0.99	0.96 to 1.02

Problems with physical health (EQ-5D)
Mobility	1.26	0.89 to 1.79	1.14	0.87 to 1.50
Self-care	2.49^c	1.72 to 3.61	1.42^b	1.10 to 1.82
Usual activities	1.47^a	1.04 to 2.08	1.33^a	1.05 to 1.70
Pain	1.37^a	1.00 to 1.87	1.52^c	1.29 to 1.78

↵a P<0.05.
↵b P<0.01.
↵c P<0.001. A&E = accident and emergency department. AVH = auditory verbal hallucinations. BME = black and minority ethnic. EQ-5D = EuroQol five-dimension scale. RR = rate ratio.