Table 1.

Poisson regression model of physical and mental health comorbidity predicting emergency department and GP attendance, adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, healthcare access, and physical health factors

Socioeconomic factors	A&E attendance, adjusted RR	95% CI	GP attendance, adjusted RR	95% CI
Comorbidity
No conditions (Ref)
Mental health condition(s)	2.10^a	1.33 to 3.31	2.49^b	2.03 to 3.04
Physical health condition(s)	2.64^b	1.77 to 3.95	2.43^b	2.10 to 2.81
Physical and mental health condition(s)	4.63^b	2.86 to 7.51	3.82^b	3.16 to 4.62

Demographics
Age (≥65), years (Ref)
18–24	2.31^c	1.21 to 4.42	0.68^a	0.54 to 0.86
25–44	1.26	0.83 to 1.90	0.77^c	0.62 to 0.96
45–64	1.28	0.87 to 1.89	0.81^c	0.67 to 0.98
Sex (female)	0.99	0.74 to 1.31	1.14	0.99 to 1.31
Ethnicity (BME)	0.49^a	0.31 to 0.80	0.84^c	0.71 to 0.99

Socioeconomic status
Education (no qualifications) (Ref)
Professional, vocational, or work certificate	1.30	0.97 to 1.76	1.01	0.89 to 1.16
Degree or higher	1.21	0.72 to 2.04	0.86	0.74 to 1.00
Non-employment	1.84^b	1.39 to 2.43	1.41^b	1.24 to 1.59
Problems with housing	1.48^a	1.13 to 1.96	1.10	0.92 to 1.31
Index of Multiple Deprivation	1.00	0.99 to 1.01	1.00	1.00 to 1.01

Alcohol consumption
None (0 units) (Ref)
Moderate (<14 units)	0.94	0.69 to 1.28	0.81^a	0.70 to 0.94
Heavy (14–28 units)	0.71	0.49 to 1.05	0.78^a	0.65 to 0.92
Very heavy (>28 units)	0.79	0.42 to 1.48	1.09	0.80 to 1.48

Healthcare access
Distance to GP	1.31	0.99 to 1.74	1.08	0.87 to 1.35
Distance to emergency department	0.92^b	0.88 to 0.96	0.99	0.96 to 1.02

↵a P<0.05.
↵b P<0.01.
↵c P<0.001. A&E = accident and emergency department. BME = black and minority ethnic. RR = rate ratio.