Advantages and limitations of common methods
| Method | Advantages | Limitations |
|---|---|---|
| Nappy pad | Convenient Can be used to exclude UTI | Very high contamination: >60%3 Unreliable to confirm UTI |
| Urine bag | Convenient Can be used to exclude UTI | High contamination: ≈50%4 Unreliable to confirm UTI |
| Clean catch | Can increase success with voiding stimulation More reliable than pad/bag to confirm UTI | Moderate contamination: ≈25%5 Can be time consuming or unsuccessful |
| Catheterisation | Low contamination: ≈10%5 Effective even if little urine in bladder Very reliable to confirm UTI | Equipment and expertise required Invasive and painful for the child |
| Suprapubic aspiration | Ultra-low contamination: 1%5 Can increase success with ultrasound Very reliable to confirm UTI | Equipment and expertise required Invasive and painful for the child |