Characteristica | Total N= 1761 | Controls n= 123 | Polypharmacy n= 661 | Hyperpolypharmacy n= 632 | Super hyperpolypharmacy n= 345 | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spironolactone | 883 (50.1) | 62 (50.4) | 328 (49.6) | 310 (49.1) | 183 (53.0) | 0.67 |
Age, years | ||||||
Mean (IQR) | 72 (64–79) | 72 (63–79) | 73 (65–80) | 73 (64–80) | 71 (63–78) | 0.07 |
≥75 | 746 (42.4) | 52 (42.3) | 296 (44.8) | 266 (42.1) | 132 (38.3) | 0.26 |
Female | 879 (49.9) | 67 (54.5) | 344 (52.0) | 301 (47.6) | 167 (48.4) | 0.28 |
White (ethnicity) | 1378 (78.3) | 94 (76.4) | 506 (76.6) | 510 (80.7) | 268 (77.7) | 0.30 |
Heart rate, beats/min | 68 (61–76) | 72 (65–78) | 69 (60–76) | 68 (61–75) | 68 (60–76) | 0.009 |
SBP, mmHg | 129 (118–138) | 130 (120–139) | 128 (118–138) | 130 (118–139) | 126 (116–139) | 0.43 |
DBP, mmHg | 70 (62–80) | 80 (70–82) | 72 (64–80) | 70 (62–80) | 68 (60–76) | <0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 32.9 (28.0–38.4) | 30.7 (25.7–34.8) | 31.6 (27.1–36.6) | 33.4 (29.1–39.2) | 35.3 (28.9–40.3) | <0.001 |
BMI classification | <0.001 | |||||
<18.5 (underweight) | 8 (0.5) | 1 (0.8) | 4 (0.6) | 3 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
18.5-24.9 (normal weight) | 208 (11.8) | 27 (21.9) | 89 (13.5) | 56 (8.9) | 36 (10.4) | |
25.0-29.9 (overweight) | 408 (23.2) | 29 (23.6) | 186 (28.1) | 129 (20.4) | 64 (18.6) | |
≥30 (obesity) | 1137 (64.6) | 66 (53.7) | 382 (57.8) | 444 (70.3) | 245 (71.0) | |
Waist circumference, cm | 109.2 (97.0–121.9) | 103.0 (93.0–114.0) | 106.0 (94.0–116.8) | 111.8 (100.0–121.9) | 115.0 (100.0–127.0) | <0.001 |
Abdominal obesity | 1394 (79.2) | 85 (69.1) | 501(75.8) | 526 (83.2) | 282 (81.7) | <0.001 |
Smoking status | <0.001 | |||||
Current smoking | 747 (42.4) | 70 (56.9) | 309 (46.7) | 246 (38.9) | 122 (35.4) | |
Ever smoking | 117 (6.6) | 12 (9.8) | 48 (7.3) | 35 (5.5) | 22 (6.4) | |
Never smoking | 897 (50.9) | 41 (33.3) | 304 (46.0) | 351 (55.5) | 201 (58.3) | |
QRS duration, ms | 93 (80–106) | 90 (80–101) | 94 (82–108) | 94 (82–107) | 92 (80–104) | 0.41 |
LVEF | 58 (53–64) | 59 (55–65) | 59 (50–65) | 58 (54–62) | 58 (54–63) | 0.32 |
LVEF classification | 0.006 | |||||
45–54 | 484 (27.5) | 30 (24.4) | 206 (31.2) | 161 (25.5) | 87 (25.2) | |
55–64 | 848 (48.2) | 58 (47.2) | 280 (42.4) | 323 (51.1) | 187 (54.2) | |
≥65 | 429 (24.4) | 35 (28.5) | 175 (26.5) | 148 (23.4) | 71 (20.6) | |
NYHA functional class | <0.001 | |||||
I and II | 1142 (64.8) | 97 (78.9) | 472 (71.4) | 391 (61.9) | 182 (52.8) | |
III and IV | 619 (35.2) | 26 (21.1) | 189 (28.6) | 241 (38.1) | 163 (47.2) | |
Anaemia | 722 (41.0) | 29 (23.6) | 227 (34.3) | 281 (44.5) | 185 (53.6) | <0.001 |
Laboratory values | ||||||
Haemoglobin, mg/dl | 12.8 (1.7) | 13.5 (1.5) | 13.1 (1.7) | 12.7 (1.6) | 12.4 (1.6) | <0.001 |
WBC, k/uL | 7.1 (5.9–8.5) | 6.7 (5.6–8.3) | 6.9 (5.9–8.3) | 7.2 (6.0–8.7) | 7.1 (5.9–8.7) | 0.020 |
PLT, k/uL | 219 (181–264) | 224 (180–275) | 218 (183–263) | 218 (178–265) | 219 (185–262) | 0.91 |
Serum Na+, mg/dl | 140 (138–142) | 140 (138–142) | 140 (138–142) | 140 (138–142) | 140 (138–141) | 0.55 |
Serum K+, mg/dl | 4.2 (3.9–4.5) | 4.3 (3.9–4.5) | 4.2 (3.9–4.5) | 4.2 (3.9–4.5) | 4.2 (3.8–4.4) | 0.028 |
ALT, U/L | 22 (15–31) | 19 (13–27) | 22 (15–31) | 23 (16–32) | 21 (16–31) | 0.015 |
AST, U/L | 22 (18–29) | 22 (17–28) | 22 (18–28) | 23 (18–30) | 23 (18–30) | 0.07 |
ALP, U/L | 83 (66–112) | 93.9 (74–148) | 84 (66–116) | 82 (66–107) | 82 (63–108) | <0.001 |
Serum creatinine, mg/dl | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | <0.001 |
eGFR, ml/min | 61.2 (49.0–76.5) | 73.5 (57.9–86.5) | 64.0 (51.5–78.6) | 58.7 (48.7–73.2) | 56.4 (44.9–71.6) | <0.001 |
Comorbidities | ||||||
Previous HF hospitalisation | 1039 (59.0) | 65 (52.8) | 389 (58.9) | 359 (56.8) | 226 (65.5) | 0.026 |
Previous stroke | 158 (9.0) | 2 (1.6) | 48 (7.3) | 65 (10.3) | 43 (12.5) | 0.001 |
Previous MI | 359 (20.4) | 4 (3.3) | 98 (14.8) | 159 (25.2) | 98 (28.4) | <0.001 |
CABG | 336 (19.1) | 3 (2.4) | 80 (12.1) | 151 (23.9) | 102 (29.6) | <0.001 |
PCI | 344 (19.5) | 6 (4.9) | 76 (11.5) | 153 (24.2) | 109 (31.6) | <0.001 |
PAD | 207 (11.8) | 4 (3.3) | 53 (8.0) | 89 (14.1) | 61 (17.7) | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 1250 (71.0) | 47 (38.2) | 404 (61.1) | 511 (80.9) | 288 (83.5) | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 1586 (90.1) | 99 (80.5) | 585 (88.5) | 576 (91.1) | 326 (94.5) | <0.001 |
Atrial fibrillation | 743 (42.2) | 28 (22.8) | 289 (43.7) | 277 (43.8) | 149 (43.2) | <0.001 |
COPD | 291 (16.5) | 4 (3.3) | 85 (12.9) | 101 (16.0) | 101 (29.3) | <0.001 |
Asthma | 194 (11.0) | 5 (4.1) | 39 (5.9) | 84 (13.3) | 66 (19.1) | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 788 (44.7) | 21 (17.1) | 209 (31.6) | 336 (53.2) | 222 (64.3) | <0.001 |
Thyroid diseases | 332 (18.9) | 5 (4.1) | 96 (14.5) | 148 (23.4) | 83 (24.1) | <0.001 |
Values are n, (%) or median (interquartile ranges). ACE-I = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. ALT = alanine transaminase. ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker. AST = aspartate aminotransferase. BMI = body mass index. CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting. COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. DBP = diastolic blood pressure. eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate. HF = heart failure. LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction. MI = myocardial infarction. NYHA = New York Heart Association. PAD = peripheral arterial disease. PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention. PLT = platelet count. QRS = Quasi Random Signal; a pattern seen in an electrocardiogram that indicates the pulses in a heart beat and their duration. SBP = systolic blood pressure. Spironolactone = medication that is primarily used to treat fluid build-up due to heart failure, liver scarring, or kidney disease. WBC = white blood cell count.