PSA testing | Opportunistic PSA screening | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Adjusted HRa | 95% CI | P-value | Adjusted HR | 95% CI | P-value |
Age (per 1-year increase) | 1.04 | 1.04 to 1.04 | <0.0001 | 1.04 | 1.04 to 1.04 | <0.0001 |
Townsend deprivation quintile | ||||||
1 (most affluent) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 0.95 | 0.94 to 0.96 | <0.0001 | 0.94 | 0.94 to 0.95 | <0.0001 |
3 | 0.88 | 0.88 to 0.89 | <0.0001 | 0.87 | 0.86 to 0.88 | <0.0001 |
4 | 0.82 | 0.81 to 0.82 | <0.0001 | 0.79 | 0.78 to 0.80 | <0.0001 |
5 (most deprived) | 0.74 | 0.73 to 0.74 | <0.0001 | 0.70 | 0.69 to 0.71 | <0.0001 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
White | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Indian | 1.14 | 1.12 to 1.17 | <0.0001 | 1.16 | 1.13 to 1.18 | <0.0001 |
Pakistani | 1.20 | 1.16 to 1.23 | <0.0001 | 1.12 | 1.08 to 1.17 | <0.0001 |
Bangladeshi | 1.17 | 1.13 to 1.21 | <0.0001 | 0.99 | 0.94 to 1.05 | 0.729 |
Other Asian | 1.15 | 1.12 to 1.19 | <0.0001 | 1.11 | 1.07 to 1.15 | <0.0001 |
Caribbean | 1.60 | 1.57 to 1.64 | <0.0001 | 1.55 | 1.51 to 1.60 | <0.0001 |
Black African | 1.44 | 1.40 to 1.48 | <0.0001 | 1.30 | 1.26 to 1.35 | <0.0001 |
Chinese | 0.84 | 0.79 to 0.86 | <0.0001 | 0.80 | 0.75 to 0.86 | <0.0001 |
Other | 1.33 | 1.26 to 1.40 | <0.0001 | 1.28 | 1.24 to 1.32 | <0.0001 |
Not recorded | 0.75 | 0.74 to 0.75 | <0.0001 | 0.76 | 0.75 to 0.76 | <0.0001 |
Smoking status | ||||||
Non-smoker | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Ex-smoker | 1.01 | 1.01 to 1.02 | 0.003 | 0.99 | 0.98 to 0.99 | <0.0001 |
Light smoker | 0.87 | 0.86 to 0.88 | <0.0001 | 0.84 | 0.83 to 0.85 | <0.0001 |
Moderate smoker | 0.81 | 0.80 to 0.82 | <0.0001 | 0.78 | 0.77 to 0.79 | <0.0001 |
Heavy smoker | 0.80 | 0.79 to 0.81 | <0.0001 | 0.76 | 0.75 to 0.77 | <0.0001 |
Family history of prostate cancer | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 3.10 | 3.00 to 3.19 | <0.0001 | 3.47 | 3.35 to 3.60 | <0.0001 |
Diabetes status | ||||||
No diabetes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Type 1 diabetes | 0.87 | 0.83 to 0.92 | <0.0001 | 0.47 | 0.43 to 0.51 | <0.0001 |
Type 2 diabetes | 0.98 | 0.97 to 0.99 | <0.0001 | 0.83 | 0.82 to 0.84 | <0.0001 |
BMI category | ||||||
Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Healthy weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 1.09 | 1.05 to 1.12 | <0.0001 | 1.03 | 0.99 to 1.06 | 0.153 |
Overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2) | 1.15 | 1.12 to 1.18 | <0.0001 | 1.07 | 1.01 to 1.11 | <0.0001 |
Obese (3.00–39.9 kg/m2) | 1.15 | 1.12 to 1.19 | <0.0001 | 1.04 | 1.01 to 1.08 | 0.019 |
Severely obese (≥40 kg/m2) | 1.12 | 1.08 to 1.16 | <0.0001 | 0.98 | 0.93 to 1.02 | 0.276 |
Geographical region | ||||||
East Midlands | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
East of England | 1.04 | 1.02 to 1.05 | <0.0001 | 1.07 | 1.05 to 1.09 | <0.0001 |
London | 1.25 | 1.23 to 1.27 | <0.0001 | 1.34 | 1.32 to 1.37 | <0.0001 |
North East | 0.85 | 0.83 to 0.86 | <0.0001 | 0.86 | 0.84 to 0.87 | <0.0001 |
North West | 1.12 | 1.10 to 1.13 | <0.0001 | 1.12 | 1.11 to 1.14 | <0.0001 |
South Central | 1.14 | 1.13 to 1.16 | <0.0001 | 1.21 | 1.19 to 1.23 | <0.0001 |
South East | 1.41 | 1.39 to 1.43 | <0.0001 | 1.46 | 1.44 to 1.49 | <0.0001 |
South West | 1.11 | 1.07 to 1.10 | <0.0001 | 1.12 | 1.10 to 1.14 | <0.0001 |
West Midlands | 1.15 | 1.09 to 1.16 | <0.0001 | 1.20 | 1.18 to 1.22 | <0.0001 |
Yorkshire & Humber | 0.91 | 0.89 to 0.93 | <0.0001 | 0.90 | 0.88 to 0.91 | <0.0001 |
↵a All significant risk factors identified in univariate analyses were included in a single Cox regression model, which is adjusted for all the other variables presented in the above table. BMI = body mass index. CI = confidence interval. HR = hazards ratio. PSA = prostate-specific antigen.