Box 1.

Description of variables and data sources

Name of variableDescriptionData source
EmergencyTotal emergency admissions per 1K popn at LSOA level in the financial yearHES
Female popn (%)Percentage of population female at LSOA levelONS
Female popn ≥60 (%)Percentage of female population aged ≥60 at LSOA levelONS
Male popn ≥65 (%)Percentage of male population aged ≥65 at LSOA levelONS
Black ethnicity (%)Percentage of black ethnicity at PCT levelONS
Asian ethnicity (%)Percentage of Asian ethnicity at PCT levelONS
Headcount GPs’ density at PCT 1K popnNumber of GPs per 1K popn at PCT levelNHS Digital
Ratio of practices at PCT 1K popnNumber of GP practices at PCT per 1K popnNHS Digital
FTE GPs’ density at PCT 1K popnNumber of FTE GPs per 1K popn at PCT levelNHS Digital
Practice density at PCT 1K popnNumber of GP practices per 1K popn at PCT levelNHS Digital
WiC and OOH density at PCT 1K popnWIC and OOH centres per 1K popn at PCT levelNHS Digital
Revenue per headHS expenditure per capita at PCT levelDHSC
Deprivation areasIndex of Multiple Deprivation at LSOAs in 10 decilesONS
Prevalence of diseasesPrevalence of specific diseases per 1K popn at PCT level from QOFNHS Digital
  • DH = Department of Health and Social Care. FTE = full-time equivalent. HES = Hospital Episode Statistics.

  • HS = health expenditure. LSOA = Lower Super Output Area. ONS = Office for National Statistics. OOH = out-of-hours services. PCT = primary care trust. popn = population. QOF = Quality and Outcomes Framework. WiC = walk-in centres.