Characteristica | Univariable | Multivariableb | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | ||
Age category in years (vs. 55–64) | 65–74 | 0.60 | 0.36 to 1.01 | 0.010 | 0.82 | 0.44 to 1.56 | 0.268 |
75–84 | 0.39 | 0.23 to 0.68 | 0.55 | 0.28 to 1.07 | |||
≥85 | 0.56 | 0.30 to 1.06 | 0.64 | 0.27 to 1.48 | |||
Sex (vs. male) | Female | 1.45 | 1.01 to 2.08 | 0.046 | 1.40 | 0.91 to 2.18 | 0.130 |
Marital status (vs. married)c | Single | 1.52 | 0.64 to 3.63 | 0.348 | 1.32 | 0.49 to 3.57 | 0.579 |
Divorcedd | 1.86 | 1.10 to 3.13 | 0.020 | 1.66 | 0.88 to 3.11 | 0.117 | |
Widowed | 1.45 | 0.94 to 2.23 | 0.090 | 1.37 | 0.76 to 2.47 | 0.298 | |
Living situation (vs. cohabiting) | Lives alone | 1.15 | 0.79 to 1.68 | 0.461 | — | ||
Home ownership (vs. home owner) | Non-home owner | 2.32 | 1.56 to 3.43 | <0.001 | 1.34 | 0.82 to 2.19 | 0.239 |
Employment status (vs. employed) | Unemployed | 1.98 | 0.70 to 5.61 | 0.198 | — | ||
Retired | 0.71 | 0.39 to 1.31 | 0.272 | ||||
Other | 0.77 | 0.23 to 2.63 | 0.677 | ||||
Smoking (vs. never smoked) | Ex-smoker | 0.88 | 0.61 to 1.26 | 0.478 | — | ||
Current smoker | 1.25 | 0.59 to 2.67 | 0.558 | ||||
Number of long-term conditions (vs. 0 or 1 condition) | 2 | 1.25 | 0.56 to 2.79 | <0.001 | 1.06 | 0.44 to 2.54 | 0.008 |
3 | 2.41 | 1.13 to 5.11 | 1.91 | 0.83 to 4.39 | |||
4 | 2.42 | 1.08 to 5.42 | 1.21 | 0.50 to 3.00 | |||
5 | 6.25 | 2.70 to 14.47 | 2.98 | 1.13 to 7.84 | |||
≥6 | 8.78 | 3.43 to 22.52 | 4.38 | 1.42 to 13.53 | |||
Medications prescribed (number on repeat) (vs.<7 medications) | ≥7 | 2.66 | 1.84 to 3.86 | <0.001 | 1.62 | 1.03 to 2.55 | 0.038 |
Health literacy (vs. not limited) | Limited | 4.92 | 3.29 to 7.36 | <0.001 | 3.64 | 2.24 to 5.92 | <0.001 |
Financial difficulty with health care (vs. not difficult or n/a) | Some difficulty | 5.18 | 3.55 to 7.54 | <0.001 | 3.94 | 2.56 to 6.07 | <0.001 |
Travel time to hospital (vs. ≤1 hour) | >1 hour | 2.24 | 1.22 to 4.11 | 0.009 | — | ||
Travel time to GP (vs. ≤10 minutes) | >10 minutes | 1.31 | 0.91 to 1.89 | 0.140 | — | ||
Outpatient appointments in the last 6 months (vs. 0–2) | ≥3 | 2.57 | 1.71 to 3.86 | <0.001 | — | ||
GP appointments in the last 6 months (vs. 0–2) | ≥3 | 3.14 | 2.12 to 4.64 | <0.001 | — |
↵a All characteristics are self-reported.
↵b Adjusting for age, sex, marital status, home ownership, number of long-term conditions, number of prescribed regular medications, health literacy, and financial difficulty.
↵c Married is used to refer to the category ‘Married or in a civil partnership’.
↵d Divorced is used to refer to the category ‘Divorced or dissolved civil partnership’. CI = confidence interval. n/a = not applicable. OR = odds ratio (for high treatment burden).