Table 1.

Participant characteristics

CharacteristicTotal (N= 22)
Age, mean ± SD42.6 ± 15.9
Identified gender, n (%)
  Female12 (54.5)
  Male7 (31.8)
  Non-binary3 (13.6)
Employment status, n (%)
  Student (casual)2 (9.1)
  Part time2 (9.1)
  Full time8 (36.4)
  Retired3 (13.6)
  Unemployed/disability pension4 (18.2)/3 (13.6)
BZD/Z-drugPrimarySecondary
  Alprazolam1
  Clonazepam2
  Diazepam141
  Lorazepam21
  Nitrazepam1
  Oxazepam11
  Temazepam3
  Zopiclone/Zolpidem14
Duration of use, mean ± SD10.4 years ± 8.6
  1–2 years7 (31.8%)
  5–10 years6 (27.3%)
  11–≥20 years9 (40.9%)
Reason prescribedPrimarySecondary
  Anxiety disorder (including PTSD)163
  Insomnia26
  Medical condition2
  Substance withdrawal2
SDS scores (mean ± SD)5.0 ± 3.7
PHQ-9 scores (mean ± SD)11.4 ± 7.0
GAD-7 scores (mean ± SD)10.1 ± 5.0
SF-8 scores (mean ± SD)25.5 ± 5.3
  • BZD = benzodiazepine. GAD-7 = Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7. PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9. PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder. SD = standard deviation. SDS = Severity of Dependence Scale. SF-8 = Health Survey Short-Form-8.