Table 3.

Independent sample t-tests for empathy measures between female and male physicians

Variables	Female physicians			Male physicians			t-test
Variables	Mean	SD	95% CI	M	SD	95% CI	t	DF	P-value	Cohen’s d
Empathic concern	4.27	0.37	4.13 to 4.42	3.93	0.52	3.75 to 4.12	2.80	56	0.007^a	.75
Perspective taking	3.78	0.53	3.56 to 3.99	3.72	0.63	3.50 to 3.96	0.30	56	0.763	.08
DANVA	18.08	2.70	16.99 to 19.17	18.06	2.53	17.15 to 18.97	0.02	56	0.983	.01
VES	0.69	0.48	0.60 to 0.78	0.66	0.50	0.58 to 0.75	0.44	241	0.659	.06
TES	3.43	0.77	3.28 to 3.58	3.25	0.76	3.12 to 3.38	1.84	239	0.067	.24
SVMFF	0.29	0.29	0.23 to 0.36	0.41	0.22	0.37 to 0.45	3.14	202	0.002^a	.45

↵a P<0.01. CI = confidence interval. DANVA = Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy. DF = degrees of freedom. SD = standard deviation. SVMFF = Synchrony of Vocal Mean Fundamental Frequencies. TES = Therapist Empathy Scale. VES = verbal empathy statements.