Patient characteristics, based on first PPI usage period per patient
| Characteristic | All PPI users (n= 23 601), n (%)a | Appropriate PPI users (n= 10 466), n (%)a | Inappropriate PPI users (n= 13 135), n (%)a |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, female | 13 916 (59) | 6237 (60) | 7679 (58) |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 57 (17) | 61 (18) | 54 (16) |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD)b | 28 (6) | 28 (5) | 28 (6) |
| Current smoker | 2823 (12) | 1222 (12) | 1601 (12) |
| Use of alcohol | 3106 (13) | 1678 (16) | 1428 (11) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2536 (11) | 1346 (13) | 1190 (9) |
| Heart failure | 446 (2) | 206 (2) | 240 (2) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 125 (1) | 59 (1) | 66 (1) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 596 (3) | 483 (5) | 113 (1) |
| Reflux oesophagitis | 523 (2) | 523 (5) | 0 (0) |
| Antacid | 884 (4) | 440 (4) | 444 (3) |
| H2RA | 801 (3) | 527 (5) | 274 (2) |
| Non-selective NSAID | 9281 (39) | 4790 (46) | 4491 (34) |
| COX-2 inhibitor | 560 (2) | 165 (2) | 395 (3) |
| Low-dose aspirin | 3048 (13) | 1699 (16) | 1349 (10) |
| Vitamin K antagonist | 926 (4) | 403 (4) | 523 (4) |
| ADP receptor inhibitor | 1030 (4) | 393 (4) | 637 (5) |
| DOAC | 513 (2) | 201 (2) | 312 (2) |
| LMWH | 845 (4) | 436 (4) | 409 (3) |
| Systemic corticosteroid | 1943 (8) | 825 (8) | 1118 (9) |
| SSRI | 1565 (7) | 804 (8) | 761 (6) |
| Trazadone | 43 (0.2) | 23 (0.2) | 20 (0.2) |
| Venlafaxine | 279 (1) | 151 (1) | 128 (1) |
| Duloxetine | 54 (0.2) | 20 (0.2) | 34 (0.3) |
| Spironolactone | 285 (1) | 106 (1) | 179 (1) |
↵a Unless otherwise stated.
↵b n =14 764 missing. ADP = adenosine diphosphate. BMI = body mass index. DOAC = direct-acting oral anticoagulant. H2RA = H2 receptor antagonist. LMWH = low-molecular-weight heparin. NSAID = non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. PPI = proton pump inhibitor. SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.