Mixed-model multivariate logistic regression analysis for inappropriate PPI use
| Category | Univariate logistic regression | Multivariate logistic regression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Sex, male | 1.13 | 1.04 to 1.23 | — | — |
| Age, increment per year | 1.03 | 1.03 to 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 to 1.03 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.58 | 1.35 to 1.84 | — | — |
| Heart failure | 1.37 | 1.08 to 1.75 | — | — |
| Non-selective NSAID | 3.44 | 3.16 to 3.74 | 5.15 | 4.70 to 5.65 |
| COX-2 inhibitor | 4.92 | 3.70 to 6.54 | 3.93 | 2.92 to 5.28 |
| Low-dose aspirin | 5.31 | 4.32 to 6.52 | 3.83 | 3.07 to 4.77 |
| Vitamin K antagonist | 1.97 | 1.57 to 2.49 | — | — |
| ADP receptor inhibitor | 8.57 | 5.94 to 12.35 | 5.07 | 3.46 to 7.41 |
| DOAC | 3.55 | 2.56 to 4.92 | 2.54 | 1.80 to 3.57 |
| LMWH | 4.58 | 3.50 to 5.99 | 2.91 | 2.20 to 3.85 |
| Systemic corticosteroids | 3.08 | 2.69 to 3.53 | 2.37 | 2.05 to 2.74 |
| SSRI | 1.66 | 1.41 to 1.96 | 1.77 | 1.49 to 2.11 |
| SNRI | 2.37 | 1.66 to 3.38 | 2.18 | 1.49 to 3.19 |
ADP = adenosine diphosphate. DOAC = direct-acting oral anticoagulant. LMWH = low-molecular-weight heparin. NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. OR = odds ratio. PPI = proton pump inhibitor. SNRI = serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.