General ReviewMeasurement, Calculation, and Normal Range of the Ankle-Arm Index: A Bibliometric Analysis and Recommendation for Standardization
Section snippets
INTRODUCTION
The ankle-arm index (AAI) is the ratio of systolic blood pressure at the level of the ankle to that at the level of the arm.1 Because this noninvasive method is simple, reproducible,2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and accurate at detecting the decreased blood pressure distal to an arterial stenosis,7, 8, 9 it is often used to assess peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD). Since the introduction of the concept of the AAI by Winsor, in 195010 and its popularization by Yao et al. in 1969,11 a wide variety of
Selection of 100 Publications on AAI
Our method of bibliometric analysis has been previously tried and described.12 Briefly, it seeks to reproducibly trace and analyze publications on a certain topic, in this case the methodology of AAI assessment. To do so, we considered all original studies and reviews indexed in Pubmed or the medical library of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, that featured the term ankle-arm index or ankle-brachial index in the abstract for inclusion in our analysis. Using the Pubmed search engine
Information on Patient Position during Assessment of AAI
In 60 of the 100 analyzed reports, the supine position was mentioned as the position used to measure the brachial and crural blood pressures. Only a reference to other studies indicated the position in nine of the other 40 reports. Still, two of these nine references failed to mention this position. The remaining 31 reports offered neither information on the position of the patient nor a reference to indicate this position.
Information on Sphygmometer Cuff Width Used to Assess Brachial Blood Pressure
While describing the method of AAI measurement, a single largest group
COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Although AAI assessment currently is the most common diagnostic instrument for the detection and quantification of PAOD,33, 77, 84 the repeatability of assessment continues to be subject to controversy.2, 33, 77, 83, 85, 86 The variability of AAI assessment attributable to observers, timing of measurement, and repeated measures is considerably less than that attributable to biological factors. Estimates of intraobserver variability range from 7.3% for experienced observers to 12% for
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The run-off resistance (ROR) assessed on MR angiograms may serve as a valid scoring system in patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and correlates with the ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI)
2012, European Journal of RadiologyCitation Excerpt :Exclusion criteria were: major amputations; previous vascular surgery procedures; mediasclerosis in at least one leg (ABI > 1.5). All patients underwent ABI measurement [3] at rest and contrast-enhanced MRA on a 1.5 T whole body scanner (Magnetom Symphony or Magnetom Avanto, Siemens Erlangen, Germany) and a dedicated MRA coil (Siemens Erlangen, Germany) from the aortic bifurcation to the lower extremity runoff vessels of both legs. MRA images were acquired in three levels using T1-weighted 3D FLASH sequences, moving bed technique and a three-phase gadobenate bolus (20 mL Multihance, Bracco, Italy).